Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides
2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase AaOSCR12 is the only identified CAS in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, which directly determines the synthesis and accumulation of subsequent timosaponins. Then the divergence step catalyzed by AaSMT1 and AaSSR2, separately metabolizing into phytosterol and cholesterol pathway....
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| creator | Fan, Baolian Ji, Zhongju Zhu, Min Chen, Yidu Liang, Jincai Li, Yu Yi, Runxiang Liu, Chenxu Wang, Lijun Shi, Ningwei Yang, Tingxing Huang, Ruoshi Yang, Lu Ji, Aijia Liu, Zhongqiu Duan, Lixin |
| description | 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase AaOSCR12 is the only identified CAS in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, which directly determines the synthesis and accumulation of subsequent timosaponins. Then the divergence step catalyzed by AaSMT1 and AaSSR2, separately metabolizing into phytosterol and cholesterol pathway. Furthermore, the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially associated with the plant defense mechanisms involving the steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase AaF26G1 by unraveled the logic of the conversion from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.
[Display omitted]
•This work elucidated the biosynthesis pathways of phytosterols and timosaponins in Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of the cycloartenol synthase AaOSCR12 was extensively investigated. Six amino acid residues of AaOSCR12 (257H-369N-448T-507V-558P-616Y) were identified as critical catalytic active sites.•This work elucidated the divergence step catalyzed by sterol methyltransferase and side-chain reductase from A. asphodeloides, which separately metabolize into the phytosterol and cholesterol pathways.•This work elucidated the conversion mechanism from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.•This work demonstrated that the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially due to plant defense mechanisms involving furostanol-type steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase from A. asphodeloides.
Timosaponins, as steroidal saponins, are the primary active constituents and quality biomarkers in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Despite their significance, the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins have not been thoroughly investigated.
This study aims to delineate the biosynthetic pathway of timosaponins in A. asphodeloides, elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of the key cycloartenol synthase (CAS), and investigate the antifungal properties of timosaponins.
Genes were cloned from A. asphodeloides and heterologous expressed in yeast, tobacco or bacillus coli. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking were used to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of CAS. Antifungal assays were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activities of timosaponins.
In this study, we elucidated the biochemical functions of seven genes involved in timosaponins biosynthesis in A. asphodeloides. Among three cand |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jare.2025.01.049 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3162572725</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S2090123225000682</els_id><sourcerecordid>3162572725</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1969-8742671fe4196552e6f4fb1a73c5efe6792f74eb7d494e91c3e30709fd5a6d693</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kEtvHCEQhFEUy2s5_gM-RBxz2QkwDxbJF8tyHpKlXJIzYqHxsJqBMT1ja_992Ed8DBcKdVWJ_gi55azijHdfd9XOZKgEE23FeMUa9YFcCabYmgvRfHzXtViRG8QdK6febBTnl2RVq6I2QlyRt8dhscGZOaRIk6dzD3QbEu5jUXOwdDJz_2b2eByGMaGZUgwRaYZXMAMeEybOwS_x2Qx0BNubGHBEGiK9jzCanHuIhhqc-uRgSMEBfiIXvqTh5nxfkz_fHn8__Fg__fr-8-H-aW256tR6IxvRSe6hKc-2FdD5xm-5kbVtwUMnlfCyga10jWpAcVtDzSRT3rWmc52qr8mXU--U08sCOOsxoIVhMBHSgrrmnWilkKItVnGy2pwQM3g95VB-v9ec6QNzvdMH5vrAXDOuC_MS-nzuX7YjuPfIP8LFcHcyQNnyNUDWaANECy5ksLN2Kfyv_y_jgpTL</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3162572725</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Fan, Baolian ; Ji, Zhongju ; Zhu, Min ; Chen, Yidu ; Liang, Jincai ; Li, Yu ; Yi, Runxiang ; Liu, Chenxu ; Wang, Lijun ; Shi, Ningwei ; Yang, Tingxing ; Huang, Ruoshi ; Yang, Lu ; Ji, Aijia ; Liu, Zhongqiu ; Duan, Lixin</creator><creatorcontrib>Fan, Baolian ; Ji, Zhongju ; Zhu, Min ; Chen, Yidu ; Liang, Jincai ; Li, Yu ; Yi, Runxiang ; Liu, Chenxu ; Wang, Lijun ; Shi, Ningwei ; Yang, Tingxing ; Huang, Ruoshi ; Yang, Lu ; Ji, Aijia ; Liu, Zhongqiu ; Duan, Lixin</creatorcontrib><description>2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase AaOSCR12 is the only identified CAS in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, which directly determines the synthesis and accumulation of subsequent timosaponins. Then the divergence step catalyzed by AaSMT1 and AaSSR2, separately metabolizing into phytosterol and cholesterol pathway. Furthermore, the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially associated with the plant defense mechanisms involving the steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase AaF26G1 by unraveled the logic of the conversion from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.
[Display omitted]
•This work elucidated the biosynthesis pathways of phytosterols and timosaponins in Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of the cycloartenol synthase AaOSCR12 was extensively investigated. Six amino acid residues of AaOSCR12 (257H-369N-448T-507V-558P-616Y) were identified as critical catalytic active sites.•This work elucidated the divergence step catalyzed by sterol methyltransferase and side-chain reductase from A. asphodeloides, which separately metabolize into the phytosterol and cholesterol pathways.•This work elucidated the conversion mechanism from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.•This work demonstrated that the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially due to plant defense mechanisms involving furostanol-type steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase from A. asphodeloides.
Timosaponins, as steroidal saponins, are the primary active constituents and quality biomarkers in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Despite their significance, the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins have not been thoroughly investigated.
This study aims to delineate the biosynthetic pathway of timosaponins in A. asphodeloides, elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of the key cycloartenol synthase (CAS), and investigate the antifungal properties of timosaponins.
Genes were cloned from A. asphodeloides and heterologous expressed in yeast, tobacco or bacillus coli. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking were used to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of CAS. Antifungal assays were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activities of timosaponins.
In this study, we elucidated the biochemical functions of seven genes involved in timosaponins biosynthesis in A. asphodeloides. Among three candidate OSC genes, AaOSCR12 was identified as the gene encoding cycloartenol synthase, which is responsible for the skeleton cyclization in timosaponin biosynthesis. Six residues (257H, 369N, 448T, 507V, 558P, 616Y) were identified as the critical catalytic active sites of CAS (AaOSCR12). Sterol methyltransferase (AaSMT1) and sterol side-chain reductase (AaSSR2) were found to be the subsequent enzymes and the branching points leading to phytosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis, respectively. Two oxide reductase genes, AaCYP90B27 and AaCYP90B2, were responsible for post-modification of cholesterol, serving as a precursor of timosaponins. A key 26-O-β-glucosidase (AaF26G1) was identified as facilitating the conversion of furostanol-type timosaponins into spirostanol-type timosaponins. Antifungal assays revealed that spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ exhibits superior antifungal activity compared to furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially linked to plant defense mechanisms involving AaF26G1.
This study utilized a multi-chassis cross-identification strategy, revealing key enzymes in the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway and offering novel insights into plant defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2090-1232</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2090-1224</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2090-1224</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.01.049</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39889822</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Egypt: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>26-O-β-glucosidase ; Anemarrhena asphodeloides ; Antifungal activity ; Biosynthesis ; Cycloartenol synthase ; Steroid Sapogenins</subject><ispartof>Journal of advanced research, 2025-01</ispartof><rights>2025</rights><rights>Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1969-8742671fe4196552e6f4fb1a73c5efe6792f74eb7d494e91c3e30709fd5a6d693</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123225000682$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,860,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39889822$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fan, Baolian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Zhongju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Yidu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Jincai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yi, Runxiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Chenxu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lijun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Ningwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Tingxing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Ruoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Lu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Aijia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Zhongqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duan, Lixin</creatorcontrib><title>Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides</title><title>Journal of advanced research</title><addtitle>J Adv Res</addtitle><description>2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase AaOSCR12 is the only identified CAS in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, which directly determines the synthesis and accumulation of subsequent timosaponins. Then the divergence step catalyzed by AaSMT1 and AaSSR2, separately metabolizing into phytosterol and cholesterol pathway. Furthermore, the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially associated with the plant defense mechanisms involving the steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase AaF26G1 by unraveled the logic of the conversion from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.
[Display omitted]
•This work elucidated the biosynthesis pathways of phytosterols and timosaponins in Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of the cycloartenol synthase AaOSCR12 was extensively investigated. Six amino acid residues of AaOSCR12 (257H-369N-448T-507V-558P-616Y) were identified as critical catalytic active sites.•This work elucidated the divergence step catalyzed by sterol methyltransferase and side-chain reductase from A. asphodeloides, which separately metabolize into the phytosterol and cholesterol pathways.•This work elucidated the conversion mechanism from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.•This work demonstrated that the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially due to plant defense mechanisms involving furostanol-type steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase from A. asphodeloides.
Timosaponins, as steroidal saponins, are the primary active constituents and quality biomarkers in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Despite their significance, the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins have not been thoroughly investigated.
This study aims to delineate the biosynthetic pathway of timosaponins in A. asphodeloides, elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of the key cycloartenol synthase (CAS), and investigate the antifungal properties of timosaponins.
Genes were cloned from A. asphodeloides and heterologous expressed in yeast, tobacco or bacillus coli. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking were used to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of CAS. Antifungal assays were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activities of timosaponins.
In this study, we elucidated the biochemical functions of seven genes involved in timosaponins biosynthesis in A. asphodeloides. Among three candidate OSC genes, AaOSCR12 was identified as the gene encoding cycloartenol synthase, which is responsible for the skeleton cyclization in timosaponin biosynthesis. Six residues (257H, 369N, 448T, 507V, 558P, 616Y) were identified as the critical catalytic active sites of CAS (AaOSCR12). Sterol methyltransferase (AaSMT1) and sterol side-chain reductase (AaSSR2) were found to be the subsequent enzymes and the branching points leading to phytosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis, respectively. Two oxide reductase genes, AaCYP90B27 and AaCYP90B2, were responsible for post-modification of cholesterol, serving as a precursor of timosaponins. A key 26-O-β-glucosidase (AaF26G1) was identified as facilitating the conversion of furostanol-type timosaponins into spirostanol-type timosaponins. Antifungal assays revealed that spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ exhibits superior antifungal activity compared to furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially linked to plant defense mechanisms involving AaF26G1.
This study utilized a multi-chassis cross-identification strategy, revealing key enzymes in the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway and offering novel insights into plant defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens.</description><subject>26-O-β-glucosidase</subject><subject>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</subject><subject>Antifungal activity</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cycloartenol synthase</subject><subject>Steroid Sapogenins</subject><issn>2090-1232</issn><issn>2090-1224</issn><issn>2090-1224</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kEtvHCEQhFEUy2s5_gM-RBxz2QkwDxbJF8tyHpKlXJIzYqHxsJqBMT1ja_992Ed8DBcKdVWJ_gi55azijHdfd9XOZKgEE23FeMUa9YFcCabYmgvRfHzXtViRG8QdK6febBTnl2RVq6I2QlyRt8dhscGZOaRIk6dzD3QbEu5jUXOwdDJz_2b2eByGMaGZUgwRaYZXMAMeEybOwS_x2Qx0BNubGHBEGiK9jzCanHuIhhqc-uRgSMEBfiIXvqTh5nxfkz_fHn8__Fg__fr-8-H-aW256tR6IxvRSe6hKc-2FdD5xm-5kbVtwUMnlfCyga10jWpAcVtDzSRT3rWmc52qr8mXU--U08sCOOsxoIVhMBHSgrrmnWilkKItVnGy2pwQM3g95VB-v9ec6QNzvdMH5vrAXDOuC_MS-nzuX7YjuPfIP8LFcHcyQNnyNUDWaANECy5ksLN2Kfyv_y_jgpTL</recordid><startdate>20250130</startdate><enddate>20250130</enddate><creator>Fan, Baolian</creator><creator>Ji, Zhongju</creator><creator>Zhu, Min</creator><creator>Chen, Yidu</creator><creator>Liang, Jincai</creator><creator>Li, Yu</creator><creator>Yi, Runxiang</creator><creator>Liu, Chenxu</creator><creator>Wang, Lijun</creator><creator>Shi, Ningwei</creator><creator>Yang, Tingxing</creator><creator>Huang, Ruoshi</creator><creator>Yang, Lu</creator><creator>Ji, Aijia</creator><creator>Liu, Zhongqiu</creator><creator>Duan, Lixin</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20250130</creationdate><title>Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides</title><author>Fan, Baolian ; Ji, Zhongju ; Zhu, Min ; Chen, Yidu ; Liang, Jincai ; Li, Yu ; Yi, Runxiang ; Liu, Chenxu ; Wang, Lijun ; Shi, Ningwei ; Yang, Tingxing ; Huang, Ruoshi ; Yang, Lu ; Ji, Aijia ; Liu, Zhongqiu ; Duan, Lixin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1969-8742671fe4196552e6f4fb1a73c5efe6792f74eb7d494e91c3e30709fd5a6d693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>26-O-β-glucosidase</topic><topic>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</topic><topic>Antifungal activity</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Cycloartenol synthase</topic><topic>Steroid Sapogenins</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fan, Baolian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Zhongju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Yidu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Jincai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yi, Runxiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Chenxu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lijun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Ningwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Tingxing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Ruoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Lu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Aijia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Zhongqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duan, Lixin</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of advanced research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fan, Baolian</au><au>Ji, Zhongju</au><au>Zhu, Min</au><au>Chen, Yidu</au><au>Liang, Jincai</au><au>Li, Yu</au><au>Yi, Runxiang</au><au>Liu, Chenxu</au><au>Wang, Lijun</au><au>Shi, Ningwei</au><au>Yang, Tingxing</au><au>Huang, Ruoshi</au><au>Yang, Lu</au><au>Ji, Aijia</au><au>Liu, Zhongqiu</au><au>Duan, Lixin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides</atitle><jtitle>Journal of advanced research</jtitle><addtitle>J Adv Res</addtitle><date>2025-01-30</date><risdate>2025</risdate><issn>2090-1232</issn><issn>2090-1224</issn><eissn>2090-1224</eissn><abstract>2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase AaOSCR12 is the only identified CAS in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, which directly determines the synthesis and accumulation of subsequent timosaponins. Then the divergence step catalyzed by AaSMT1 and AaSSR2, separately metabolizing into phytosterol and cholesterol pathway. Furthermore, the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially associated with the plant defense mechanisms involving the steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase AaF26G1 by unraveled the logic of the conversion from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.
[Display omitted]
•This work elucidated the biosynthesis pathways of phytosterols and timosaponins in Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of the cycloartenol synthase AaOSCR12 was extensively investigated. Six amino acid residues of AaOSCR12 (257H-369N-448T-507V-558P-616Y) were identified as critical catalytic active sites.•This work elucidated the divergence step catalyzed by sterol methyltransferase and side-chain reductase from A. asphodeloides, which separately metabolize into the phytosterol and cholesterol pathways.•This work elucidated the conversion mechanism from furostanol-type timosaponins to spirostanol-type timosaponins.•This work demonstrated that the antifungal efficacy of spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ is superior to that of furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially due to plant defense mechanisms involving furostanol-type steroid sapogenin 26-O-β-glucosidase from A. asphodeloides.
Timosaponins, as steroidal saponins, are the primary active constituents and quality biomarkers in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Despite their significance, the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins have not been thoroughly investigated.
This study aims to delineate the biosynthetic pathway of timosaponins in A. asphodeloides, elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of the key cycloartenol synthase (CAS), and investigate the antifungal properties of timosaponins.
Genes were cloned from A. asphodeloides and heterologous expressed in yeast, tobacco or bacillus coli. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking were used to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of CAS. Antifungal assays were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activities of timosaponins.
In this study, we elucidated the biochemical functions of seven genes involved in timosaponins biosynthesis in A. asphodeloides. Among three candidate OSC genes, AaOSCR12 was identified as the gene encoding cycloartenol synthase, which is responsible for the skeleton cyclization in timosaponin biosynthesis. Six residues (257H, 369N, 448T, 507V, 558P, 616Y) were identified as the critical catalytic active sites of CAS (AaOSCR12). Sterol methyltransferase (AaSMT1) and sterol side-chain reductase (AaSSR2) were found to be the subsequent enzymes and the branching points leading to phytosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis, respectively. Two oxide reductase genes, AaCYP90B27 and AaCYP90B2, were responsible for post-modification of cholesterol, serving as a precursor of timosaponins. A key 26-O-β-glucosidase (AaF26G1) was identified as facilitating the conversion of furostanol-type timosaponins into spirostanol-type timosaponins. Antifungal assays revealed that spirostanol-type timosaponin AⅢ exhibits superior antifungal activity compared to furostanol-type timosaponin BⅡ, potentially linked to plant defense mechanisms involving AaF26G1.
This study utilized a multi-chassis cross-identification strategy, revealing key enzymes in the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway and offering novel insights into plant defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens.</abstract><cop>Egypt</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>39889822</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jare.2025.01.049</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 26-O-β-glucosidase Anemarrhena asphodeloides Antifungal activity Biosynthesis Cycloartenol synthase Steroid Sapogenins |
| title | Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of timosaponins reveals the antifungal mechanisms in Anemarrhena asphodeloides |
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