Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment
This study reported the distribution patterns of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in personal care products (PCPs) available in Vietnam, with a focus in source apportionment and ecological risk assessment. Total of PAE concentrations in PCPs was 352–83500 µg/g (mean/median: 10900/6050), with...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water, air, and soil pollution air, and soil pollution, 2025, Vol.236 (1), p.33-33, Article 33 |
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| creator | Pham, Chi Linh Thi Hoang, Ngoc Bich Nguyen, Anh Viet Le, Vu Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi Pham, Khiet Thanh Phung, Hoa Duc Chu, Ngoc Chau Hoang, Anh Quoc Minh, Tu Binh Tran, Tri Manh |
| description | This study reported the distribution patterns of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in personal care products (PCPs) available in Vietnam, with a focus in source apportionment and ecological risk assessment. Total of PAE concentrations in PCPs was 352–83500 µg/g (mean/median: 10900/6050), with di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the dominant compound (115–36300 µg/g; mean/median: 6110/3780), diethyl phthalate (mean/median: 2000/n.d.; range: n.d.–75300 µg/g), and diisobutyl phthalate (mean/median: 1040/130; range: n.d.–13800 µg/g) were also present in significant concentrations. Total PAE concentrations in untreated municipal wastewater samples from Hanoi were significantly higher than those from Thaibinh, with a mean concentration approximately 3.7 times greater. DEHP was also found to have the highest frequency and levels in wastewater, with mean/median concentrations of 3260/2830 and 598/557 µg/L in samples collected from Hanoi and Thaibinh, respectively. Seasonal variation was observed, with higher concentrations in the dry season. The ecological risk due to the distribution of individual PAEs in wastewater was moderate, except for DEHP, with risk quotients ranging from 5.98 to 24.8 for algae. These findings underscore the need for regulatory interventions to mitigate PAE contamination in urban environments.
Highlights
High levels of PAEs were found in PCPs available in Vietnam.
DEHP was measured at the highest levels in both PCPs and untreated municipal wastewater.
Strong correlations existed between the distribution of PAEs in PCPs and wastewater.
The risk quotient (RQ) for DEHP was high for algae and crustaceans. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0 |
| format | Article |
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Highlights
High levels of PAEs were found in PCPs available in Vietnam.
DEHP was measured at the highest levels in both PCPs and untreated municipal wastewater.
Strong correlations existed between the distribution of PAEs in PCPs and wastewater.
The risk quotient (RQ) for DEHP was high for algae and crustaceans.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0049-6979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2932</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>air ; Algae ; Aquatic crustaceans ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Chemical wastewater ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Consumer products ; Crustaceans ; Diethyl phthalate ; Dioctyl phthalate ; Dry season ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecological risk assessment ; Environment ; environmental assessment ; Esters ; Hydrogeology ; Municipal wastewater ; Personal grooming ; Phthalate esters ; Phthalates ; Phthalic acid ; Quotients ; risk ; Risk assessment ; Seasonal distribution ; Seasonal variation ; Seasonal variations ; soil ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Urban environments ; Vietnam ; Wastewater ; water ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Water sampling</subject><ispartof>Water, air, and soil pollution, 2025, Vol.236 (1), p.33-33, Article 33</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jan 2025</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c233t-8546b4bc5faea3dfc6059a6f8fbca4846d99dba1e90a922c4eac44793e2bd2803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pham, Chi Linh Thi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoang, Ngoc Bich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Anh Viet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Le, Vu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Khiet Thanh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phung, Hoa Duc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Ngoc Chau</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoang, Anh Quoc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minh, Tu Binh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Tri Manh</creatorcontrib><title>Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment</title><title>Water, air, and soil pollution</title><addtitle>Water Air Soil Pollut</addtitle><description>This study reported the distribution patterns of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in personal care products (PCPs) available in Vietnam, with a focus in source apportionment and ecological risk assessment. Total of PAE concentrations in PCPs was 352–83500 µg/g (mean/median: 10900/6050), with di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the dominant compound (115–36300 µg/g; mean/median: 6110/3780), diethyl phthalate (mean/median: 2000/n.d.; range: n.d.–75300 µg/g), and diisobutyl phthalate (mean/median: 1040/130; range: n.d.–13800 µg/g) were also present in significant concentrations. Total PAE concentrations in untreated municipal wastewater samples from Hanoi were significantly higher than those from Thaibinh, with a mean concentration approximately 3.7 times greater. DEHP was also found to have the highest frequency and levels in wastewater, with mean/median concentrations of 3260/2830 and 598/557 µg/L in samples collected from Hanoi and Thaibinh, respectively. Seasonal variation was observed, with higher concentrations in the dry season. The ecological risk due to the distribution of individual PAEs in wastewater was moderate, except for DEHP, with risk quotients ranging from 5.98 to 24.8 for algae. These findings underscore the need for regulatory interventions to mitigate PAE contamination in urban environments.
Highlights
High levels of PAEs were found in PCPs available in Vietnam.
DEHP was measured at the highest levels in both PCPs and untreated municipal wastewater.
Strong correlations existed between the distribution of PAEs in PCPs and wastewater.
The risk quotient (RQ) for DEHP was high for algae and crustaceans.</description><subject>air</subject><subject>Algae</subject><subject>Aquatic crustaceans</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Chemical wastewater</subject><subject>Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts</subject><subject>Consumer products</subject><subject>Crustaceans</subject><subject>Diethyl phthalate</subject><subject>Dioctyl phthalate</subject><subject>Dry season</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecological risk assessment</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>environmental assessment</subject><subject>Esters</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Municipal wastewater</subject><subject>Personal grooming</subject><subject>Phthalate esters</subject><subject>Phthalates</subject><subject>Phthalic acid</subject><subject>Quotients</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Seasonal distribution</subject><subject>Seasonal variation</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>soil</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Urban environments</subject><subject>Vietnam</subject><subject>Wastewater</subject><subject>water</subject><subject>Water Quality/Water Pollution</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><issn>0049-6979</issn><issn>1573-2932</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kc9u1DAQxi0EEsvCC3CyxKUcUvwvccwtWhZaqYgVUHG0HMdpXbJ26nGEeDGeD6eLhMQBX0ae-c03Y38IvaTknBIi3wClTJKKMFER2UhVkUdoQ2vJK6Y4e4w2hAhVNUqqp-gZwB0pR7Vyg36985CT75fsY8BxxIfbfGsmb3Fn_YD3kF0CfHbo9vAa-4AP5RqDmfDOJIcPKQ6LzYBNGPB1yMmZ7Ab8cQne-rlQ30wR-FGSCX8xx3ly8BZfluitWQcCHmOpxCVZh7t5jmnNHl3ID4p7G6d4U9gJf_bwHXcADmAtP0dPRjOBe_EnbtH1-_3X3UV19enD5a67qizjPFdtLZpe9LYejTN8GG1DamWasR17a0QrmkGpoTfUKWIUY1Y4Y4WQijvWD6wlfIvOTrpziveLg6yPHqybJhNcXEBzWgvGG1WmbdGrf9C78q7yVSslKKsFl22h2ImyKQIkN-o5-aNJPzUlerVSn6zUxUr9YKVet-CnJihwuHHpr_R_un4DQrqk6w</recordid><startdate>2025</startdate><enddate>2025</enddate><creator>Pham, Chi Linh Thi</creator><creator>Hoang, Ngoc Bich</creator><creator>Nguyen, Anh Viet</creator><creator>Le, Vu</creator><creator>Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi</creator><creator>Pham, Khiet Thanh</creator><creator>Phung, Hoa Duc</creator><creator>Chu, Ngoc Chau</creator><creator>Hoang, Anh Quoc</creator><creator>Minh, Tu Binh</creator><creator>Tran, Tri Manh</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2025</creationdate><title>Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment</title><author>Pham, Chi Linh Thi ; Hoang, Ngoc Bich ; Nguyen, Anh Viet ; Le, Vu ; Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi ; Pham, Khiet Thanh ; Phung, Hoa Duc ; Chu, Ngoc Chau ; Hoang, Anh Quoc ; Minh, Tu Binh ; Tran, Tri Manh</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c233t-8546b4bc5faea3dfc6059a6f8fbca4846d99dba1e90a922c4eac44793e2bd2803</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>air</topic><topic>Algae</topic><topic>Aquatic crustaceans</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Chemical wastewater</topic><topic>Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts</topic><topic>Consumer products</topic><topic>Crustaceans</topic><topic>Diethyl phthalate</topic><topic>Dioctyl phthalate</topic><topic>Dry season</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecological risk assessment</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>environmental assessment</topic><topic>Esters</topic><topic>Hydrogeology</topic><topic>Municipal wastewater</topic><topic>Personal grooming</topic><topic>Phthalate esters</topic><topic>Phthalates</topic><topic>Phthalic acid</topic><topic>Quotients</topic><topic>risk</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Seasonal distribution</topic><topic>Seasonal variation</topic><topic>Seasonal variations</topic><topic>soil</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Urban environments</topic><topic>Vietnam</topic><topic>Wastewater</topic><topic>water</topic><topic>Water Quality/Water Pollution</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pham, Chi Linh Thi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoang, Ngoc Bich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Anh Viet</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Le, Vu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Khiet Thanh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phung, Hoa Duc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Ngoc Chau</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoang, Anh Quoc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minh, Tu Binh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Tri Manh</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Water, air, and soil pollution</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pham, Chi Linh Thi</au><au>Hoang, Ngoc Bich</au><au>Nguyen, Anh Viet</au><au>Le, Vu</au><au>Tran, Ngoc Minh Thi</au><au>Pham, Khiet Thanh</au><au>Phung, Hoa Duc</au><au>Chu, Ngoc Chau</au><au>Hoang, Anh Quoc</au><au>Minh, Tu Binh</au><au>Tran, Tri Manh</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment</atitle><jtitle>Water, air, and soil pollution</jtitle><stitle>Water Air Soil Pollut</stitle><date>2025</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>236</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>33</spage><epage>33</epage><pages>33-33</pages><artnum>33</artnum><issn>0049-6979</issn><eissn>1573-2932</eissn><abstract>This study reported the distribution patterns of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in personal care products (PCPs) available in Vietnam, with a focus in source apportionment and ecological risk assessment. Total of PAE concentrations in PCPs was 352–83500 µg/g (mean/median: 10900/6050), with di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the dominant compound (115–36300 µg/g; mean/median: 6110/3780), diethyl phthalate (mean/median: 2000/n.d.; range: n.d.–75300 µg/g), and diisobutyl phthalate (mean/median: 1040/130; range: n.d.–13800 µg/g) were also present in significant concentrations. Total PAE concentrations in untreated municipal wastewater samples from Hanoi were significantly higher than those from Thaibinh, with a mean concentration approximately 3.7 times greater. DEHP was also found to have the highest frequency and levels in wastewater, with mean/median concentrations of 3260/2830 and 598/557 µg/L in samples collected from Hanoi and Thaibinh, respectively. Seasonal variation was observed, with higher concentrations in the dry season. The ecological risk due to the distribution of individual PAEs in wastewater was moderate, except for DEHP, with risk quotients ranging from 5.98 to 24.8 for algae. These findings underscore the need for regulatory interventions to mitigate PAE contamination in urban environments.
Highlights
High levels of PAEs were found in PCPs available in Vietnam.
DEHP was measured at the highest levels in both PCPs and untreated municipal wastewater.
Strong correlations existed between the distribution of PAEs in PCPs and wastewater.
The risk quotient (RQ) for DEHP was high for algae and crustaceans.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0</doi><tpages>1</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Water, air, and soil pollution, 2025, Vol.236 (1), p.33-33, Article 33 |
| issn | 0049-6979 1573-2932 |
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| subjects | air Algae Aquatic crustaceans Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Chemical wastewater Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Consumer products Crustaceans Diethyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Dry season Earth and Environmental Science Ecological risk assessment Environment environmental assessment Esters Hydrogeology Municipal wastewater Personal grooming Phthalate esters Phthalates Phthalic acid Quotients risk Risk assessment Seasonal distribution Seasonal variation Seasonal variations soil Soil Science & Conservation Urban environments Vietnam Wastewater water Water Quality/Water Pollution Water sampling |
| title | Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment |
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