Employing empirical models to analyze stability of yield and quality traits in chili peppers (Capsicum species)

Stability analysis plays a crucial role in plant breeding programs aimed at enhancing crop productivity and resilience. Chili yield stability studies based on the interaction of genotype × environment have been widely conducted, as stable yield is very substantial in the formation of sustainably high‐yielding chili varieties. Multi‐environmental trials, conducted across different seasons, locations, or both, are used to assess these G × E interactions through various statistical models. In this context, this review paper explores the understanding of stability analysis in chili breeding, the significance of genotype by environment interaction, and the methods employed in this domain, providing a comprehensive update on recent advancements in stability analysis specific to chili breeding. Furthermore, research studies conducted on stability analysis in chili breeding programs and software used to assess crop stability are featured, shedding light on the application, challenges, and future prospects in the field. The importance of stability analysis in developing stable genotypes and enhancing agricultural productivity amid evolving environmental conditions is herewith underscored. These insights are critical for breeding programs aiming to create robust genotypes capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions, ultimately contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. Core Ideas Deciphering the significance of conducting stability analysis as a part of the chili breeding program. Discussing procedural steps as a guide for conducting stability analysis in chili breeding. Elucidating models used to conduct stability analysis in chili as an aid for chili breeders. Harnessing stability analysis to fortify chili farming for consistent productivity. Sustainable crop production over varying environments of seasons and locations. Plain Language Summary Until the 1960s, stability analysis was not a key focus in plant breeding. However, the need for consistently high‐performing and stable genotypes shifted this focus. Since then, stability analysis has become vital in breeding programs to ensure reliable performance across different environments. Also, numerous models have been developed and refined over the years for this purpose, which are explained in this review. With the growing impact of climate change on agriculture, integrating stability analysis into breeding programs is now crucial for developing resilient crop varieties. In this context,