A multi-objective optimization framework for terrain modification based on a combined hydrological and earthwork cost-benefit

[Display omitted] •TMMOO framework integrates hydrological benefits, earthwork and cost factors.•DEM-based terrain is considered as flexible multi-grid variables.•TMMOO couples the NSGA-II algorithm with terrain modification.•TMMOO offers potential to expand to more DEM-based optimization objectives...

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