Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool‐Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi‐Arid Mixed Grassland
ABSTRACT In the semi‐arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm‐season (July–September) convective precipitation and cool‐season (December–March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor u...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Plant, cell and environment cell and environment, 2025-02, Vol.48 (2), p.943-952 |
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| creator | Zhang, Fangyue Biederman, Joel A. Pierce, Nathan A. Potts, Daniel L. Reed, Sasha C. Smith, William K. |
| description | ABSTRACT
In the semi‐arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm‐season (July–September) convective precipitation and cool‐season (December–March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem carbon flux responses to cool‐season precipitation and the potential legacy effects on subsequent warm‐season carbon fluxes. Results from a two‐year experiment with three cool‐season precipitation treatments (dry, received 5th percentile cool‐season total precipitation; normal, 50th; wet, 95th) and constant warm‐season precipitation illustrate the direct and legacy effects on carbon fluxes, but in opposing ways. In wet cool‐season plots, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were 103% and 127% higher than in normal cool‐season plots. In dry cool‐season plots, GPP and ER were 47% and 85% lower compared to normal cool‐season plots. Unexpectedly, we found a positive legacy effect of the dry cool‐season treatment on warm‐season carbon flux, resulting in a significant increase in both GPP and ER in the subsequent warm season, compared to normal cool‐season plots. Our results reveal positive legacy effects of cool‐season drought on warm‐season carbon fluxes and highlight the importance of the relatively under‐studied cool‐growing season and its direct/indirect impact on the ecosystem carbon budget.
Summary statement
Through a field manipulation experiment, we found that carbon fluxes decreased during a dry winter but increased in the subsequent warm season when no treatment was applied. This suggests the positive legacy effects of a dry winter and emphasizes the significance of the cool growing season's impacts. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/pce.15175 |
| format | Article |
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In the semi‐arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm‐season (July–September) convective precipitation and cool‐season (December–March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem carbon flux responses to cool‐season precipitation and the potential legacy effects on subsequent warm‐season carbon fluxes. Results from a two‐year experiment with three cool‐season precipitation treatments (dry, received 5th percentile cool‐season total precipitation; normal, 50th; wet, 95th) and constant warm‐season precipitation illustrate the direct and legacy effects on carbon fluxes, but in opposing ways. In wet cool‐season plots, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were 103% and 127% higher than in normal cool‐season plots. In dry cool‐season plots, GPP and ER were 47% and 85% lower compared to normal cool‐season plots. Unexpectedly, we found a positive legacy effect of the dry cool‐season treatment on warm‐season carbon flux, resulting in a significant increase in both GPP and ER in the subsequent warm season, compared to normal cool‐season plots. Our results reveal positive legacy effects of cool‐season drought on warm‐season carbon fluxes and highlight the importance of the relatively under‐studied cool‐growing season and its direct/indirect impact on the ecosystem carbon budget.
Summary statement
Through a field manipulation experiment, we found that carbon fluxes decreased during a dry winter but increased in the subsequent warm season when no treatment was applied. This suggests the positive legacy effects of a dry winter and emphasizes the significance of the cool growing season's impacts.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0140-7791</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1365-3040</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-3040</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/pce.15175</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39375916</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Annual precipitation ; Aridity ; atmospheric precipitation ; Carbon ; Carbon - metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; cold season ; Convective precipitation ; Drought ; drought legacies ; Ecosystem ; ecosystem function ; ecosystem photosynthesis ; ecosystem respiration ; Ecosystems ; environment ; Environmental impact ; extreme events ; Fluctuations ; Fluxes ; global carbon budget ; Grassland ; Grasslands ; gross primary productivity ; Growing season ; Poaceae - metabolism ; Poaceae - physiology ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Seasonal distribution ; Seasons ; semi‐arid grasslands ; warm season ; winter rainfall</subject><ispartof>Plant, cell and environment, 2025-02, Vol.48 (2), p.943-952</ispartof><rights>2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3115-8803f0038cc7519f5e736ca21356469c46f1bca0d49dd50f05d64de0f40386f13</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5785-6489 ; 0000-0002-5479-6214 ; 0000-0002-1831-461X ; 0000-0002-8597-8619 ; 0000-0002-1757-3484 ; 0000-0003-2798-5455</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fpce.15175$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fpce.15175$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39375916$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Fangyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Biederman, Joel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pierce, Nathan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potts, Daniel L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reed, Sasha C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, William K.</creatorcontrib><title>Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool‐Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi‐Arid Mixed Grassland</title><title>Plant, cell and environment</title><addtitle>Plant Cell Environ</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
In the semi‐arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm‐season (July–September) convective precipitation and cool‐season (December–March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem carbon flux responses to cool‐season precipitation and the potential legacy effects on subsequent warm‐season carbon fluxes. Results from a two‐year experiment with three cool‐season precipitation treatments (dry, received 5th percentile cool‐season total precipitation; normal, 50th; wet, 95th) and constant warm‐season precipitation illustrate the direct and legacy effects on carbon fluxes, but in opposing ways. In wet cool‐season plots, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were 103% and 127% higher than in normal cool‐season plots. In dry cool‐season plots, GPP and ER were 47% and 85% lower compared to normal cool‐season plots. Unexpectedly, we found a positive legacy effect of the dry cool‐season treatment on warm‐season carbon flux, resulting in a significant increase in both GPP and ER in the subsequent warm season, compared to normal cool‐season plots. Our results reveal positive legacy effects of cool‐season drought on warm‐season carbon fluxes and highlight the importance of the relatively under‐studied cool‐growing season and its direct/indirect impact on the ecosystem carbon budget.
Summary statement
Through a field manipulation experiment, we found that carbon fluxes decreased during a dry winter but increased in the subsequent warm season when no treatment was applied. This suggests the positive legacy effects of a dry winter and emphasizes the significance of the cool growing season's impacts.</description><subject>Annual precipitation</subject><subject>Aridity</subject><subject>atmospheric precipitation</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon - metabolism</subject><subject>Carbon Cycle</subject><subject>cold season</subject><subject>Convective precipitation</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>drought legacies</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>ecosystem function</subject><subject>ecosystem photosynthesis</subject><subject>ecosystem respiration</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>environment</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>extreme events</subject><subject>Fluctuations</subject><subject>Fluxes</subject><subject>global carbon budget</subject><subject>Grassland</subject><subject>Grasslands</subject><subject>gross primary productivity</subject><subject>Growing season</subject><subject>Poaceae - metabolism</subject><subject>Poaceae - physiology</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Seasonal distribution</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>semi‐arid grasslands</subject><subject>warm season</subject><subject>winter rainfall</subject><issn>0140-7791</issn><issn>1365-3040</issn><issn>1365-3040</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkctu1DAUhi0EotPCghdAltiURVqf-pLxsgrTFmkQlVrYRh5fKldJPNiJ6OzKG_QZeRLOdAoLJCS8sXz8-bN9fkLeADsCHMdr649AQi2fkRlwJSvOBHtOZgwEq-pawx7ZL-WWMSzU-iXZ45rXUoOakR8fYvZ2pGZwdOlvjN3QRQhYKTQF-tXkTRxuaJNS9_P-4cqbkgZ6iSfiOo5mjLi6TqPpkB7owqayKaPvaWPyCgtn3XRH40ANvfJ9RMFpjo5-infe0fNsSunw2lfkRUCBf_00H5AvZ4vr5qJafj7_2JwuK8sBZDWfMx4Y43Nrawk6SF9zZc0JcKmE0laoACtrmBPaOckCk04J51kQeAb3-AE53HnXOX2bfBnbPhbrO3yDT1NpOUgB6kTD_D9QENhvJRmi7_5Cb9OUB_zIVsi0qpneCt_vKJtTKdmHdp1jj81tgbXbCFuMsH2MENm3T8Zp1Xv3h_ydGQLHO-B77Pzm36b2slnslL8Azt-lWQ</recordid><startdate>202502</startdate><enddate>202502</enddate><creator>Zhang, Fangyue</creator><creator>Biederman, Joel A.</creator><creator>Pierce, Nathan A.</creator><creator>Potts, Daniel L.</creator><creator>Reed, Sasha C.</creator><creator>Smith, William K.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-6489</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-6214</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-461X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-3484</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-5455</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202502</creationdate><title>Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool‐Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi‐Arid Mixed Grassland</title><author>Zhang, Fangyue ; Biederman, Joel A. ; Pierce, Nathan A. ; Potts, Daniel L. ; Reed, Sasha C. ; Smith, William K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3115-8803f0038cc7519f5e736ca21356469c46f1bca0d49dd50f05d64de0f40386f13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Annual precipitation</topic><topic>Aridity</topic><topic>atmospheric precipitation</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon - metabolism</topic><topic>Carbon Cycle</topic><topic>cold season</topic><topic>Convective precipitation</topic><topic>Drought</topic><topic>drought legacies</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>ecosystem function</topic><topic>ecosystem photosynthesis</topic><topic>ecosystem respiration</topic><topic>Ecosystems</topic><topic>environment</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>extreme events</topic><topic>Fluctuations</topic><topic>Fluxes</topic><topic>global carbon budget</topic><topic>Grassland</topic><topic>Grasslands</topic><topic>gross primary productivity</topic><topic>Growing season</topic><topic>Poaceae - metabolism</topic><topic>Poaceae - physiology</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Seasonal distribution</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>semi‐arid grasslands</topic><topic>warm season</topic><topic>winter rainfall</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Fangyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Biederman, Joel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pierce, Nathan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potts, Daniel L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reed, Sasha C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, William K.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Plant, cell and environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Fangyue</au><au>Biederman, Joel A.</au><au>Pierce, Nathan A.</au><au>Potts, Daniel L.</au><au>Reed, Sasha C.</au><au>Smith, William K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool‐Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi‐Arid Mixed Grassland</atitle><jtitle>Plant, cell and environment</jtitle><addtitle>Plant Cell Environ</addtitle><date>2025-02</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>943</spage><epage>952</epage><pages>943-952</pages><issn>0140-7791</issn><issn>1365-3040</issn><eissn>1365-3040</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
In the semi‐arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm‐season (July–September) convective precipitation and cool‐season (December–March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem carbon flux responses to cool‐season precipitation and the potential legacy effects on subsequent warm‐season carbon fluxes. Results from a two‐year experiment with three cool‐season precipitation treatments (dry, received 5th percentile cool‐season total precipitation; normal, 50th; wet, 95th) and constant warm‐season precipitation illustrate the direct and legacy effects on carbon fluxes, but in opposing ways. In wet cool‐season plots, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were 103% and 127% higher than in normal cool‐season plots. In dry cool‐season plots, GPP and ER were 47% and 85% lower compared to normal cool‐season plots. Unexpectedly, we found a positive legacy effect of the dry cool‐season treatment on warm‐season carbon flux, resulting in a significant increase in both GPP and ER in the subsequent warm season, compared to normal cool‐season plots. Our results reveal positive legacy effects of cool‐season drought on warm‐season carbon fluxes and highlight the importance of the relatively under‐studied cool‐growing season and its direct/indirect impact on the ecosystem carbon budget.
Summary statement
Through a field manipulation experiment, we found that carbon fluxes decreased during a dry winter but increased in the subsequent warm season when no treatment was applied. This suggests the positive legacy effects of a dry winter and emphasizes the significance of the cool growing season's impacts.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>39375916</pmid><doi>10.1111/pce.15175</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-6489</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-6214</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-461X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-3484</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-5455</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Annual precipitation Aridity atmospheric precipitation Carbon Carbon - metabolism Carbon Cycle cold season Convective precipitation Drought drought legacies Ecosystem ecosystem function ecosystem photosynthesis ecosystem respiration Ecosystems environment Environmental impact extreme events Fluctuations Fluxes global carbon budget Grassland Grasslands gross primary productivity Growing season Poaceae - metabolism Poaceae - physiology Precipitation Rain Seasonal distribution Seasons semi‐arid grasslands warm season winter rainfall |
| title | Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool‐Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi‐Arid Mixed Grassland |
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