Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China
Deep-sea mariculture, particularly copper (Cu) alloy fence mariculture, is increasingly regarded as a sustainable model for future mariculture development. However, limited research has been conducted on its impact on seawater and sediment. To investigate variations in environmental factors induced...
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| description | Deep-sea mariculture, particularly copper (Cu) alloy fence mariculture, is increasingly regarded as a sustainable model for future mariculture development. However, limited research has been conducted on its impact on seawater and sediment. To investigate variations in environmental factors induced by large-scale enclosure aquaculture of the large yellow croaker (
Larimichthys crocea
), a comprehensive quarterly analysis was conducted in the sea area near Dachen Island, China, from 2021 to 2023. This study focused on changes in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Cu,
chlorophyll a
, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and labile phosphate (
PO
4
3
-
) in seawater. Additionally, variations in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) content and pollution levels in the sediment were examined. The Nemerow index was used to assess the quality of both seawater and sediment. In 2021 and 2022, the highest DIN content in seawater was observed during the summer, reaching 0.491 ± 0.161 mg·L
−1
and 0.485 ± 0.101 mg·L
−1
, respectively. Contrastingly, in 2023, the peak DIN concentration occurred in autumn, escalating to 0.597 ± 0.054 mg·L
−1
. Over the three years, the content of
PO
4
3
-
in seawater exhibited elevated levels during summer and autumn, with the highest concentration of 0.087 ± 0.009 mg·L
−1
observed in autumn 2023. Notably, the Cu content in spring 2023 was 4.09 ± 0.36 μg·L
−1
, making the highest quarterly value within the three-year period. This data indicated a discernible accumulation trend for DIN,
PO
4
3
-
, and Cu in seawater. Additionally, TN, TP, and TOC levels in the sediment demonstrated an increasing trend over the three years. The maximum TN content recorded in the sediment was 0.69 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.90 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2023. For TP, the highest content was 0.66 ± 0.17 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.60 ± 0.18 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.85 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2023. The maximum TOC content was 0.74 ± 0.15% in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.13% in 2022, and 0.95 ± 0.12% in 2023. The Nemerow index for both seawater and sediment showed a consistent increasing trend over the three-year period. Although seawater quality remained at Class III (mild pollution) for most of this period, it approached Class IV (moderate pollution) during the summer and autumn of 2023. During these three years, sediment quality reached Class II (relatively clean) only in the winter of 2021 and the spring of 2022; however, it remained C |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10499-024-01594-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3153854647</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3120692046</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c233t-d46aefd422049143c75c9863c4b2005db7cfda93cb80a10e87d140c9649be0583</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kM9LwzAUx4MoOKf_gKeAFw9WX5o0aY5j_hoMvCjsFtI03Tq7dEtaZf-9mRUED54eDz7fx_d9ELokcEsAxF0gwKRMIGUJkEyyhByhEckETQiji2M0AslFwkkKp-gshDUAUMHICC0mzvW6wdZ91L51G-u6uJmVdksbcO1wo_3S4r1tmvYTG9_qd-ux3vXa9E3Xe3tg7rVZWYdnodGuvMHTVe30OTqpdBPsxc8co7fHh9fpczJ_eZpNJ_PEpJR2Scm4tlXJ0jQ-ELsakRmZc2pYkQJkZSFMVWpJTZGDJmBzURIGRnImCwtZTsfoeri79e2ut6FTmzqYWFc72_ZBUZLRPGOciYhe_UHXbe9dbBepFLiMHXik0oGKz4bgbaW2vt5ov1cE1EG2GmSrKFt9y1YkhugQChGO6vzv6X9SX1pQgUg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3120692046</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China</title><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Qiao, Guangde ; Wang, Yabing ; Liu, Yongli ; Min, Minghua ; Wang, Lei ; Chen, Heng ; Wang, Yongjin ; Wang, Lumin ; Peng, Shiming</creator><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Guangde ; Wang, Yabing ; Liu, Yongli ; Min, Minghua ; Wang, Lei ; Chen, Heng ; Wang, Yongjin ; Wang, Lumin ; Peng, Shiming</creatorcontrib><description>Deep-sea mariculture, particularly copper (Cu) alloy fence mariculture, is increasingly regarded as a sustainable model for future mariculture development. However, limited research has been conducted on its impact on seawater and sediment. To investigate variations in environmental factors induced by large-scale enclosure aquaculture of the large yellow croaker (
Larimichthys crocea
), a comprehensive quarterly analysis was conducted in the sea area near Dachen Island, China, from 2021 to 2023. This study focused on changes in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Cu,
chlorophyll a
, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and labile phosphate (
PO
4
3
-
) in seawater. Additionally, variations in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) content and pollution levels in the sediment were examined. The Nemerow index was used to assess the quality of both seawater and sediment. In 2021 and 2022, the highest DIN content in seawater was observed during the summer, reaching 0.491 ± 0.161 mg·L
−1
and 0.485 ± 0.101 mg·L
−1
, respectively. Contrastingly, in 2023, the peak DIN concentration occurred in autumn, escalating to 0.597 ± 0.054 mg·L
−1
. Over the three years, the content of
PO
4
3
-
in seawater exhibited elevated levels during summer and autumn, with the highest concentration of 0.087 ± 0.009 mg·L
−1
observed in autumn 2023. Notably, the Cu content in spring 2023 was 4.09 ± 0.36 μg·L
−1
, making the highest quarterly value within the three-year period. This data indicated a discernible accumulation trend for DIN,
PO
4
3
-
, and Cu in seawater. Additionally, TN, TP, and TOC levels in the sediment demonstrated an increasing trend over the three years. The maximum TN content recorded in the sediment was 0.69 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.90 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2023. For TP, the highest content was 0.66 ± 0.17 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.60 ± 0.18 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.85 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2023. The maximum TOC content was 0.74 ± 0.15% in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.13% in 2022, and 0.95 ± 0.12% in 2023. The Nemerow index for both seawater and sediment showed a consistent increasing trend over the three-year period. Although seawater quality remained at Class III (mild pollution) for most of this period, it approached Class IV (moderate pollution) during the summer and autumn of 2023. During these three years, sediment quality reached Class II (relatively clean) only in the winter of 2021 and the spring of 2022; however, it remained Class III (mild pollution) during the other seasons. The findings suggested that Cu alloy fence mariculture did not fundamentally address the pollution issue caused by aquaculture. And the development of an ecological mariculture model with a low-carbon footprint and sustainable practices may be the primary direction for future advancements in aquaculture. This study complemented basic data on the environmental impact of Cu alloy fence mariculture and provided theoretical support for the development of sustainable farming models.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0967-6120</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-143X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10499-024-01594-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Alloys ; Aquaculture ; Autumn ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Carbon footprint ; Chemical analysis ; China ; chlorophyll ; Chlorophyll a ; class ; Copper ; Deep sea ; Deep water ; Dissolved oxygen ; Environmental changes ; Environmental factors ; Environmental impact ; Freshwater & Marine Ecology ; Larimichthys crocea ; Life Sciences ; mariculture ; Marine aquaculture ; Nitrogen ; Organic carbon ; Organic phosphorus ; oxygen ; Phosphates ; Phosphorus ; Pollution ; Pollution levels ; Seawater ; Sediment ; Sediments ; Spring ; Summer ; Sustainability ; Sustainable agriculture ; Sustainable development ; Sustainable practices ; total nitrogen ; Total organic carbon ; total phosphorus ; Water analysis ; Water quality ; winter ; Zoology</subject><ispartof>Aquaculture international, 2024-12, Vol.32 (7), p.8843-8860</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c233t-d46aefd422049143c75c9863c4b2005db7cfda93cb80a10e87d140c9649be0583</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10499-024-01594-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10499-024-01594-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Guangde</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yabing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yongli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Min, Minghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Heng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yongjin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lumin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Shiming</creatorcontrib><title>Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China</title><title>Aquaculture international</title><addtitle>Aquacult Int</addtitle><description>Deep-sea mariculture, particularly copper (Cu) alloy fence mariculture, is increasingly regarded as a sustainable model for future mariculture development. However, limited research has been conducted on its impact on seawater and sediment. To investigate variations in environmental factors induced by large-scale enclosure aquaculture of the large yellow croaker (
Larimichthys crocea
), a comprehensive quarterly analysis was conducted in the sea area near Dachen Island, China, from 2021 to 2023. This study focused on changes in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Cu,
chlorophyll a
, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and labile phosphate (
PO
4
3
-
) in seawater. Additionally, variations in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) content and pollution levels in the sediment were examined. The Nemerow index was used to assess the quality of both seawater and sediment. In 2021 and 2022, the highest DIN content in seawater was observed during the summer, reaching 0.491 ± 0.161 mg·L
−1
and 0.485 ± 0.101 mg·L
−1
, respectively. Contrastingly, in 2023, the peak DIN concentration occurred in autumn, escalating to 0.597 ± 0.054 mg·L
−1
. Over the three years, the content of
PO
4
3
-
in seawater exhibited elevated levels during summer and autumn, with the highest concentration of 0.087 ± 0.009 mg·L
−1
observed in autumn 2023. Notably, the Cu content in spring 2023 was 4.09 ± 0.36 μg·L
−1
, making the highest quarterly value within the three-year period. This data indicated a discernible accumulation trend for DIN,
PO
4
3
-
, and Cu in seawater. Additionally, TN, TP, and TOC levels in the sediment demonstrated an increasing trend over the three years. The maximum TN content recorded in the sediment was 0.69 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.90 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2023. For TP, the highest content was 0.66 ± 0.17 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.60 ± 0.18 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.85 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2023. The maximum TOC content was 0.74 ± 0.15% in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.13% in 2022, and 0.95 ± 0.12% in 2023. The Nemerow index for both seawater and sediment showed a consistent increasing trend over the three-year period. Although seawater quality remained at Class III (mild pollution) for most of this period, it approached Class IV (moderate pollution) during the summer and autumn of 2023. During these three years, sediment quality reached Class II (relatively clean) only in the winter of 2021 and the spring of 2022; however, it remained Class III (mild pollution) during the other seasons. The findings suggested that Cu alloy fence mariculture did not fundamentally address the pollution issue caused by aquaculture. And the development of an ecological mariculture model with a low-carbon footprint and sustainable practices may be the primary direction for future advancements in aquaculture. This study complemented basic data on the environmental impact of Cu alloy fence mariculture and provided theoretical support for the development of sustainable farming models.</description><subject>Alloys</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Autumn</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Carbon footprint</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>chlorophyll</subject><subject>Chlorophyll a</subject><subject>class</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Deep sea</subject><subject>Deep water</subject><subject>Dissolved oxygen</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Freshwater & Marine Ecology</subject><subject>Larimichthys crocea</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>mariculture</subject><subject>Marine aquaculture</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>Organic phosphorus</subject><subject>oxygen</subject><subject>Phosphates</subject><subject>Phosphorus</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution levels</subject><subject>Seawater</subject><subject>Sediment</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Spring</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Sustainable agriculture</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Sustainable practices</subject><subject>total nitrogen</subject><subject>Total organic carbon</subject><subject>total phosphorus</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>winter</subject><subject>Zoology</subject><issn>0967-6120</issn><issn>1573-143X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM9LwzAUx4MoOKf_gKeAFw9WX5o0aY5j_hoMvCjsFtI03Tq7dEtaZf-9mRUED54eDz7fx_d9ELokcEsAxF0gwKRMIGUJkEyyhByhEckETQiji2M0AslFwkkKp-gshDUAUMHICC0mzvW6wdZ91L51G-u6uJmVdksbcO1wo_3S4r1tmvYTG9_qd-ux3vXa9E3Xe3tg7rVZWYdnodGuvMHTVe30OTqpdBPsxc8co7fHh9fpczJ_eZpNJ_PEpJR2Scm4tlXJ0jQ-ELsakRmZc2pYkQJkZSFMVWpJTZGDJmBzURIGRnImCwtZTsfoeri79e2ut6FTmzqYWFc72_ZBUZLRPGOciYhe_UHXbe9dbBepFLiMHXik0oGKz4bgbaW2vt5ov1cE1EG2GmSrKFt9y1YkhugQChGO6vzv6X9SX1pQgUg</recordid><startdate>20241201</startdate><enddate>20241201</enddate><creator>Qiao, Guangde</creator><creator>Wang, Yabing</creator><creator>Liu, Yongli</creator><creator>Min, Minghua</creator><creator>Wang, Lei</creator><creator>Chen, Heng</creator><creator>Wang, Yongjin</creator><creator>Wang, Lumin</creator><creator>Peng, Shiming</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H98</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20241201</creationdate><title>Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China</title><author>Qiao, Guangde ; Wang, Yabing ; Liu, Yongli ; Min, Minghua ; Wang, Lei ; Chen, Heng ; Wang, Yongjin ; Wang, Lumin ; Peng, Shiming</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c233t-d46aefd422049143c75c9863c4b2005db7cfda93cb80a10e87d140c9649be0583</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Alloys</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Autumn</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Carbon footprint</topic><topic>Chemical analysis</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>chlorophyll</topic><topic>Chlorophyll a</topic><topic>class</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Deep sea</topic><topic>Deep water</topic><topic>Dissolved oxygen</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Freshwater & Marine Ecology</topic><topic>Larimichthys crocea</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>mariculture</topic><topic>Marine aquaculture</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Organic carbon</topic><topic>Organic phosphorus</topic><topic>oxygen</topic><topic>Phosphates</topic><topic>Phosphorus</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Pollution levels</topic><topic>Seawater</topic><topic>Sediment</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Spring</topic><topic>Summer</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Sustainable agriculture</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Sustainable practices</topic><topic>total nitrogen</topic><topic>Total organic carbon</topic><topic>total phosphorus</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>winter</topic><topic>Zoology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Guangde</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yabing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yongli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Min, Minghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Heng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yongjin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lumin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Shiming</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Aquaculture Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Aquaculture international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Qiao, Guangde</au><au>Wang, Yabing</au><au>Liu, Yongli</au><au>Min, Minghua</au><au>Wang, Lei</au><au>Chen, Heng</au><au>Wang, Yongjin</au><au>Wang, Lumin</au><au>Peng, Shiming</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China</atitle><jtitle>Aquaculture international</jtitle><stitle>Aquacult Int</stitle><date>2024-12-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>8843</spage><epage>8860</epage><pages>8843-8860</pages><issn>0967-6120</issn><eissn>1573-143X</eissn><abstract>Deep-sea mariculture, particularly copper (Cu) alloy fence mariculture, is increasingly regarded as a sustainable model for future mariculture development. However, limited research has been conducted on its impact on seawater and sediment. To investigate variations in environmental factors induced by large-scale enclosure aquaculture of the large yellow croaker (
Larimichthys crocea
), a comprehensive quarterly analysis was conducted in the sea area near Dachen Island, China, from 2021 to 2023. This study focused on changes in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Cu,
chlorophyll a
, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and labile phosphate (
PO
4
3
-
) in seawater. Additionally, variations in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) content and pollution levels in the sediment were examined. The Nemerow index was used to assess the quality of both seawater and sediment. In 2021 and 2022, the highest DIN content in seawater was observed during the summer, reaching 0.491 ± 0.161 mg·L
−1
and 0.485 ± 0.101 mg·L
−1
, respectively. Contrastingly, in 2023, the peak DIN concentration occurred in autumn, escalating to 0.597 ± 0.054 mg·L
−1
. Over the three years, the content of
PO
4
3
-
in seawater exhibited elevated levels during summer and autumn, with the highest concentration of 0.087 ± 0.009 mg·L
−1
observed in autumn 2023. Notably, the Cu content in spring 2023 was 4.09 ± 0.36 μg·L
−1
, making the highest quarterly value within the three-year period. This data indicated a discernible accumulation trend for DIN,
PO
4
3
-
, and Cu in seawater. Additionally, TN, TP, and TOC levels in the sediment demonstrated an increasing trend over the three years. The maximum TN content recorded in the sediment was 0.69 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.90 ± 0.15 mg·L
−1
in 2023. For TP, the highest content was 0.66 ± 0.17 mg·L
−1
in 2021, 0.60 ± 0.18 mg·L
−1
in 2022, and 0.85 ± 0.12 mg·L
−1
in 2023. The maximum TOC content was 0.74 ± 0.15% in 2021, 0.74 ± 0.13% in 2022, and 0.95 ± 0.12% in 2023. The Nemerow index for both seawater and sediment showed a consistent increasing trend over the three-year period. Although seawater quality remained at Class III (mild pollution) for most of this period, it approached Class IV (moderate pollution) during the summer and autumn of 2023. During these three years, sediment quality reached Class II (relatively clean) only in the winter of 2021 and the spring of 2022; however, it remained Class III (mild pollution) during the other seasons. The findings suggested that Cu alloy fence mariculture did not fundamentally address the pollution issue caused by aquaculture. And the development of an ecological mariculture model with a low-carbon footprint and sustainable practices may be the primary direction for future advancements in aquaculture. This study complemented basic data on the environmental impact of Cu alloy fence mariculture and provided theoretical support for the development of sustainable farming models.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s10499-024-01594-1</doi><tpages>18</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Aquaculture international, 2024-12, Vol.32 (7), p.8843-8860 |
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| subjects | Alloys Aquaculture Autumn Biomedical and Life Sciences Carbon footprint Chemical analysis China chlorophyll Chlorophyll a class Copper Deep sea Deep water Dissolved oxygen Environmental changes Environmental factors Environmental impact Freshwater & Marine Ecology Larimichthys crocea Life Sciences mariculture Marine aquaculture Nitrogen Organic carbon Organic phosphorus oxygen Phosphates Phosphorus Pollution Pollution levels Seawater Sediment Sediments Spring Summer Sustainability Sustainable agriculture Sustainable development Sustainable practices total nitrogen Total organic carbon total phosphorus Water analysis Water quality winter Zoology |
| title | Annual environmental changes in large yellow croaker aquaculture in Dachen Island, China |
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