Typical Tire Additives in River Water: Leaching, Transformation, and Environmental Risk Assessment
Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts of TAs and their transformation products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, la...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2024-10, Vol.58 (42), p.18940-18949 |
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| creator | Xu, Shaopeng Wang, Qi Lao, Jia-Yong Cao, Yaru Hong, Pei Chen, Chong Lam, Edmund Y. Fang, James Kar-Hei Lee, Seokhwan Leung, Kenneth M. Y. |
| description | Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts of TAs and their transformation products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, laboratory-based simulation experiments and field investigations were conducted to explore the transformation mechanisms and ecological risks of TAs. After being placed in river water for 24 h, about 7–95% of 12 investigated TAs in TWPs were leached. Forty-eight TPs from eight TAs were tentatively identified along with different transformation pathways via suspect screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Semiquantitative results indicated that TPs derived from N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (6PPD) were predominant in leachates, while aryl hydrolysis and quinone pathways were the main transformation pathways. Field investigations on urban surface water samples from 16 sites in Hong Kong revealed the occurrence of 17 TAs and 1 TP, with concentrations ranging from 13.9 to 2230 ng/L (median ± standard deviation: 226 ± 534 ng/L). Sixteen TPs from six TAs were additionally identified via suspect screening. It is estimated that 6PPD-quinone and seven TAs could pose medium to high ecological risk, while N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine, a frequently detected TP, was identified as a persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic substance. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/acs.est.4c05449 |
| format | Article |
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Y.</creator><creatorcontrib>Xu, Shaopeng ; Wang, Qi ; Lao, Jia-Yong ; Cao, Yaru ; Hong, Pei ; Chen, Chong ; Lam, Edmund Y. ; Fang, James Kar-Hei ; Lee, Seokhwan ; Leung, Kenneth M. Y.</creatorcontrib><description>Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts of TAs and their transformation products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, laboratory-based simulation experiments and field investigations were conducted to explore the transformation mechanisms and ecological risks of TAs. After being placed in river water for 24 h, about 7–95% of 12 investigated TAs in TWPs were leached. Forty-eight TPs from eight TAs were tentatively identified along with different transformation pathways via suspect screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Semiquantitative results indicated that TPs derived from N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (6PPD) were predominant in leachates, while aryl hydrolysis and quinone pathways were the main transformation pathways. Field investigations on urban surface water samples from 16 sites in Hong Kong revealed the occurrence of 17 TAs and 1 TP, with concentrations ranging from 13.9 to 2230 ng/L (median ± standard deviation: 226 ± 534 ng/L). Sixteen TPs from six TAs were additionally identified via suspect screening. It is estimated that 6PPD-quinone and seven TAs could pose medium to high ecological risk, while N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine, a frequently detected TP, was identified as a persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic substance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05449</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39382147</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Additives ; Aquatic environment ; Bioaccumulation ; China ; Diamines ; Ecological risk assessment ; Environmental assessment ; Environmental risk ; Field investigations ; Field tests ; hydrolysis ; Leachates ; Leaching ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Aquatic and Terrestrial Contaminants ; Particulate matter ; Quinones ; risk ; Risk assessment ; river water ; Rivers ; Screening ; standard deviation ; Surface water ; technology ; Tires ; Toxic substances ; Water analysis ; Water sampling ; Wear particles</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2024-10, Vol.58 (42), p.18940-18949</ispartof><rights>2024 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Oct 22, 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a278t-bc4cdb0986d9b0f76aa11a4278f54e26d6d791b5794f97073c176d0c060afdd33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3156-9246 ; 0000-0002-5415-0675 ; 0000-0002-1743-7511 ; 0000-0003-1182-0218 ; 0000-0002-2969-7978 ; 0000-0002-2164-4281 ; 0000-0003-0244-3545</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.4c05449$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c05449$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,2752,27053,27901,27902,56713,56763</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39382147$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Xu, Shaopeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lao, Jia-Yong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Yaru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Pei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Chong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lam, Edmund Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fang, James Kar-Hei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Seokhwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leung, Kenneth M. Y.</creatorcontrib><title>Typical Tire Additives in River Water: Leaching, Transformation, and Environmental Risk Assessment</title><title>Environmental science & technology</title><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts of TAs and their transformation products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, laboratory-based simulation experiments and field investigations were conducted to explore the transformation mechanisms and ecological risks of TAs. After being placed in river water for 24 h, about 7–95% of 12 investigated TAs in TWPs were leached. Forty-eight TPs from eight TAs were tentatively identified along with different transformation pathways via suspect screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Semiquantitative results indicated that TPs derived from N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (6PPD) were predominant in leachates, while aryl hydrolysis and quinone pathways were the main transformation pathways. Field investigations on urban surface water samples from 16 sites in Hong Kong revealed the occurrence of 17 TAs and 1 TP, with concentrations ranging from 13.9 to 2230 ng/L (median ± standard deviation: 226 ± 534 ng/L). Sixteen TPs from six TAs were additionally identified via suspect screening. It is estimated that 6PPD-quinone and seven TAs could pose medium to high ecological risk, while N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine, a frequently detected TP, was identified as a persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic substance.</description><subject>Additives</subject><subject>Aquatic environment</subject><subject>Bioaccumulation</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Diamines</subject><subject>Ecological risk assessment</subject><subject>Environmental assessment</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Field investigations</subject><subject>Field tests</subject><subject>hydrolysis</subject><subject>Leachates</subject><subject>Leaching</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Aquatic and Terrestrial Contaminants</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Quinones</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>river water</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Screening</subject><subject>standard deviation</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>technology</subject><subject>Tires</subject><subject>Toxic substances</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Wear particles</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkd1LwzAUxYMoOqfPvknAF0E7b5qPtr6N4RcMBKnoW0mTVKNrOpNu4H9vxqYPguBTQvI753LPQeiIwIhASi6kCiMT-hFTwBkrttCA8BQSnnOyjQYAhCYFFc97aD-ENwBIKeS7aI8WNE8JywaoLj_nVskZLq03eKy17e3SBGwdfogXj59kb_wlnhqpXq17Ocelly40nW9lbzt3jqXT-Motre9ca1wfrR5seMfjEEwIq5cDtNPIWTCHm3OIHq-vysltMr2_uZuMp4lMs7xPasWUrqHIhS5qaDIhJSGSxb-GM5MKLXRWkJpnBWuKDDKqSCY0KBAgG60pHaLTte_cdx-LmErV2qDMbCad6RahooTTPNIs_wdKGIdUUBbRk1_oW7fwLi4SqRQEB4hpDtHFmlK-C8Gbppp720r_WRGoVk1Vsalqpd40FRXHG99F3Rr9w39XE4GzNbBS_sz8y-4LYASdjQ</recordid><startdate>20241022</startdate><enddate>20241022</enddate><creator>Xu, Shaopeng</creator><creator>Wang, Qi</creator><creator>Lao, Jia-Yong</creator><creator>Cao, Yaru</creator><creator>Hong, Pei</creator><creator>Chen, Chong</creator><creator>Lam, Edmund Y.</creator><creator>Fang, James Kar-Hei</creator><creator>Lee, Seokhwan</creator><creator>Leung, Kenneth M. 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Y.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Typical Tire Additives in River Water: Leaching, Transformation, and Environmental Risk Assessment</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2024-10-22</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>58</volume><issue>42</issue><spage>18940</spage><epage>18949</epage><pages>18940-18949</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><abstract>Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts of TAs and their transformation products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, laboratory-based simulation experiments and field investigations were conducted to explore the transformation mechanisms and ecological risks of TAs. After being placed in river water for 24 h, about 7–95% of 12 investigated TAs in TWPs were leached. Forty-eight TPs from eight TAs were tentatively identified along with different transformation pathways via suspect screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Semiquantitative results indicated that TPs derived from N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (6PPD) were predominant in leachates, while aryl hydrolysis and quinone pathways were the main transformation pathways. Field investigations on urban surface water samples from 16 sites in Hong Kong revealed the occurrence of 17 TAs and 1 TP, with concentrations ranging from 13.9 to 2230 ng/L (median ± standard deviation: 226 ± 534 ng/L). Sixteen TPs from six TAs were additionally identified via suspect screening. It is estimated that 6PPD-quinone and seven TAs could pose medium to high ecological risk, while N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine, a frequently detected TP, was identified as a persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic substance.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>39382147</pmid><doi>10.1021/acs.est.4c05449</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-9246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-0675</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7511</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-0218</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2969-7978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2164-4281</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-3545</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Additives Aquatic environment Bioaccumulation China Diamines Ecological risk assessment Environmental assessment Environmental risk Field investigations Field tests hydrolysis Leachates Leaching Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Aquatic and Terrestrial Contaminants Particulate matter Quinones risk Risk assessment river water Rivers Screening standard deviation Surface water technology Tires Toxic substances Water analysis Water sampling Wear particles |
| title | Typical Tire Additives in River Water: Leaching, Transformation, and Environmental Risk Assessment |
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