Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives
During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a redu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Frontiers of environmental science & engineering 2024-09, Vol.18 (9), p.115-115, Article 115 |
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| creator | Liao, Xiaobin Liu, Xinyue He, Yueyun Tang, Xueping Xia, Ruanjunjie Huang, Yongjun Li, Wenhua Zou, Jing Zhou, Zhenming Zhuang, Mazhan |
| description | During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O
3
), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl
2
), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O
3
/UV/Cl
2
combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O
3
also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl
2
≈ O
3
/Cl
2
> O
3
> O
3
/UV/Cl
2
> UV > UV/Cl
2
. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3153677018</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3153677018</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c301t-71fa7be7b1732d3357767ee048bc6a20339ea11c4a10c4e5426416d9a086d6433</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU9v1DAQxSMEEtW2H4CbJS4cGuqJk9h7QmVLoVKlcgDEzfI6k9ZVEgePt7Dfjw_GRIv4J-GLR3q_9yzPK4pnIF-ClPqMALRRpazqEoxuyuZRcVTJdVNWFXx-_GuW8LQ4IbqXfIypwaij4vv5kDFNLqPoAoWpR59DnISb5xSdv0MSMYnkAv0BuCmLLpK7ZbVnmfArzyIndHlEFueBERI5Ctd1CYnHOxSbm09XFyWsxeymDsfgX4nLFMe_H8a-Dz7g5Pen4uL1-yV_dItyKtjFkd9YznsxY6J58TwgHRdPejcQnvy8V8XHyzcfNu_K65u3V5vz69IrCbnU0Du9Rb0FrapOqUbrViPK2mx96yqp1BodgK8dSF9jU1dtDW23dtK0XVsrtSpeHHJ5N192SNmOgTwO_FuMO7IKGtVqLXmzq-L5P-h93PGeB6ak1o0xSkum4ED5FIkS9nZOYXRpb0HapVp7qNZytXap1jbsqQ4eYna6xfQ7-f-mH3d7qS4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3077588370</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives</title><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Liao, Xiaobin ; Liu, Xinyue ; He, Yueyun ; Tang, Xueping ; Xia, Ruanjunjie ; Huang, Yongjun ; Li, Wenhua ; Zou, Jing ; Zhou, Zhenming ; Zhuang, Mazhan</creator><creatorcontrib>Liao, Xiaobin ; Liu, Xinyue ; He, Yueyun ; Tang, Xueping ; Xia, Ruanjunjie ; Huang, Yongjun ; Li, Wenhua ; Zou, Jing ; Zhou, Zhenming ; Zhuang, Mazhan</creatorcontrib><description>During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O
3
), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl
2
), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O
3
/UV/Cl
2
combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O
3
also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl
2
≈ O
3
/Cl
2
> O
3
> O
3
/UV/Cl
2
> UV > UV/Cl
2
. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2095-2201</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2095-221X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Beijing: Higher Education Press</publisher><subject>Antiseptics ; Cell membranes ; Chlorination ; Chlorine ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 infection ; Danio rerio ; Disinfectants ; Disinfection ; Disinfection & disinfectants ; Dosage ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Efficiency ; electron microscopy ; Environment ; Evaluation ; Haloacetic acids ; Ketones ; Microorganisms ; N-Nitrosodimethylamine ; Organic matter ; ozone ; Pandemics ; Research Article ; Scanning electron microscopy ; sewage treatment ; Sewage treatment plants ; Toxicity ; Trihalomethanes ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Viral diseases ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Zebrafish</subject><ispartof>Frontiers of environmental science & engineering, 2024-09, Vol.18 (9), p.115-115, Article 115</ispartof><rights>Higher Education Press 2024</rights><rights>Higher Education Press 2024.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c301t-71fa7be7b1732d3357767ee048bc6a20339ea11c4a10c4e5426416d9a086d6433</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Liao, Xiaobin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Xinyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Yueyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tang, Xueping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xia, Ruanjunjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Yongjun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wenhua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Zhenming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhuang, Mazhan</creatorcontrib><title>Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives</title><title>Frontiers of environmental science & engineering</title><addtitle>Front. Environ. Sci. Eng</addtitle><description>During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O
3
), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl
2
), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O
3
/UV/Cl
2
combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O
3
also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl
2
≈ O
3
/Cl
2
> O
3
> O
3
/UV/Cl
2
> UV > UV/Cl
2
. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.</description><subject>Antiseptics</subject><subject>Cell membranes</subject><subject>Chlorination</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 infection</subject><subject>Danio rerio</subject><subject>Disinfectants</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>Disinfection & disinfectants</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>electron microscopy</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Haloacetic acids</subject><subject>Ketones</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>N-Nitrosodimethylamine</subject><subject>Organic matter</subject><subject>ozone</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>sewage treatment</subject><subject>Sewage treatment plants</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment plants</subject><subject>Zebrafish</subject><issn>2095-2201</issn><issn>2095-221X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kU9v1DAQxSMEEtW2H4CbJS4cGuqJk9h7QmVLoVKlcgDEzfI6k9ZVEgePt7Dfjw_GRIv4J-GLR3q_9yzPK4pnIF-ClPqMALRRpazqEoxuyuZRcVTJdVNWFXx-_GuW8LQ4IbqXfIypwaij4vv5kDFNLqPoAoWpR59DnISb5xSdv0MSMYnkAv0BuCmLLpK7ZbVnmfArzyIndHlEFueBERI5Ctd1CYnHOxSbm09XFyWsxeymDsfgX4nLFMe_H8a-Dz7g5Pen4uL1-yV_dItyKtjFkd9YznsxY6J58TwgHRdPejcQnvy8V8XHyzcfNu_K65u3V5vz69IrCbnU0Du9Rb0FrapOqUbrViPK2mx96yqp1BodgK8dSF9jU1dtDW23dtK0XVsrtSpeHHJ5N192SNmOgTwO_FuMO7IKGtVqLXmzq-L5P-h93PGeB6ak1o0xSkum4ED5FIkS9nZOYXRpb0HapVp7qNZytXap1jbsqQ4eYna6xfQ7-f-mH3d7qS4</recordid><startdate>20240901</startdate><enddate>20240901</enddate><creator>Liao, Xiaobin</creator><creator>Liu, Xinyue</creator><creator>He, Yueyun</creator><creator>Tang, Xueping</creator><creator>Xia, Ruanjunjie</creator><creator>Huang, Yongjun</creator><creator>Li, Wenhua</creator><creator>Zou, Jing</creator><creator>Zhou, Zhenming</creator><creator>Zhuang, Mazhan</creator><general>Higher Education Press</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240901</creationdate><title>Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives</title><author>Liao, Xiaobin ; Liu, Xinyue ; He, Yueyun ; Tang, Xueping ; Xia, Ruanjunjie ; Huang, Yongjun ; Li, Wenhua ; Zou, Jing ; Zhou, Zhenming ; Zhuang, Mazhan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c301t-71fa7be7b1732d3357767ee048bc6a20339ea11c4a10c4e5426416d9a086d6433</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Antiseptics</topic><topic>Cell membranes</topic><topic>Chlorination</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 infection</topic><topic>Danio rerio</topic><topic>Disinfectants</topic><topic>Disinfection</topic><topic>Disinfection & disinfectants</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Efficiency</topic><topic>electron microscopy</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Haloacetic acids</topic><topic>Ketones</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>N-Nitrosodimethylamine</topic><topic>Organic matter</topic><topic>ozone</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>sewage treatment</topic><topic>Sewage treatment plants</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Trihalomethanes</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment plants</topic><topic>Zebrafish</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Liao, Xiaobin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Xinyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Yueyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tang, Xueping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xia, Ruanjunjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Yongjun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wenhua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Zhenming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhuang, Mazhan</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Frontiers of environmental science & engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Liao, Xiaobin</au><au>Liu, Xinyue</au><au>He, Yueyun</au><au>Tang, Xueping</au><au>Xia, Ruanjunjie</au><au>Huang, Yongjun</au><au>Li, Wenhua</au><au>Zou, Jing</au><au>Zhou, Zhenming</au><au>Zhuang, Mazhan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives</atitle><jtitle>Frontiers of environmental science & engineering</jtitle><stitle>Front. Environ. Sci. Eng</stitle><date>2024-09-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>115</spage><epage>115</epage><pages>115-115</pages><artnum>115</artnum><issn>2095-2201</issn><eissn>2095-221X</eissn><abstract>During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O
3
), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl
2
), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O
3
/UV/Cl
2
combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O
3
also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl
2
≈ O
3
/Cl
2
> O
3
> O
3
/UV/Cl
2
> UV > UV/Cl
2
. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.</abstract><cop>Beijing</cop><pub>Higher Education Press</pub><doi>10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5</doi><tpages>1</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Antiseptics Cell membranes Chlorination Chlorine COVID-19 COVID-19 infection Danio rerio Disinfectants Disinfection Disinfection & disinfectants Dosage Earth and Environmental Science Efficiency electron microscopy Environment Evaluation Haloacetic acids Ketones Microorganisms N-Nitrosodimethylamine Organic matter ozone Pandemics Research Article Scanning electron microscopy sewage treatment Sewage treatment plants Toxicity Trihalomethanes Ultraviolet radiation Viral diseases Wastewater treatment plants Zebrafish |
| title | Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives |
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