Nutritional Strategies for Muscle Atrophy: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms

Skeletal muscle can undergo detrimental changes in various diseases, leading to muscle dysfunction and atrophy, thus severely affecting people's lives. Along with exercise, there is a growing interest in the potential of nutritional support against muscle atrophy. This review provides a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms driving skeletal muscle atrophy and summarizes recent advances in nutritional interventions for preventing and treating muscle atrophy. The nutritional supplements include amino acids and their derivatives (such as leucine, β‐hydroxy, β‐methylbutyrate, and creatine), various antioxidant supplements (like Coenzyme Q10 and mitoquinone, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, Omega 3 fatty acids), minerals (such as magnesium and selenium), and vitamins (such as vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E), as well as probiotics and prebiotics (like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and 1‐kestose). Furthermore, the study discusses the impact of a combined approach involving nutritional support and physical therapy to prevent muscle atrophy, suggests appropriate multi‐nutritional and multi‐modal interventions based on individual conditions to optimize treatment outcomes, and enhances the recovery of muscle function for patients. By understanding the molecular mechanisms behind skeletal muscle atrophy and implementing appropriate interventions, it is possible to enhance the recovery of muscle function and improve patients' quality of life. When the microenvironment of skeletal muscle is disrupted, the rate of protein degradation can surpass the rate of synthesis, leading to an imbalance that instigates skeletal muscle atrophy. Herein, we summarizes current evidences and underlying mechanisms in nutritional interventions, including amino acids and their derivatives, antioxidant supplements, minerals and vitamins, as well as probiotics and prebiotics for muscle atrophy.