The spatiotemporal variations of freezing index and its relationship with permafrost degradation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1977 to 2016
The freezing index (FI) is one of the most important indicators that shows the variation of permafrost. However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived fro...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Theoretical and applied climatology 2024-02, Vol.155 (2), p.985-998 |
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| creator | Li, Ren Ma, Junjie Wu, Tonghua Wang, Qinxue Wu, Xiaodong Zhao, Lin Wang, Shenning Hu, Guojie Liu, Wenhao Jiao, Yongliang Yao, Jimin Xiao, Yao Zhu, Xiaofan Shi, Jianzong Qiao, Yongping |
| description | The freezing index (FI) is one of the most important indicators that shows the variation of permafrost. However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived from 74 meteorological stations from 1977 to 2016 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Furthermore, the factors affecting the FI variation and its relationship with permafrost degradation were also discussed. The results showed that FI was much smaller in the interior than other areas of the QTP, and it increased at a rate of 53.0 °C d/10a during the 40 years. FI in the main body of the QTP was relatively stable than surrounding areas; it was more stable in the northern part than in the southern part. On average, the FI variation coefficient was larger than 10%, indicating the large fluctuation of FI during the 40 years. FI decreased with the increasing altitude; it was more sensitive to the altitude in the south of 33° N than in the north. The variation of FI was closely related to the maximum freezing depth (MFD) and the active layer thickness (ALT). It was observed that MFD decreased and ALT increased by approximately 1.4 cm and 1.6 cm, respectively, with each 10.0 °C d increase in FI. The results exhibited the thermal condition variation of the permafrost in QTP and revealed a degrading trend of the permafrost. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00704-023-04672-1 |
| format | Article |
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However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived from 74 meteorological stations from 1977 to 2016 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Furthermore, the factors affecting the FI variation and its relationship with permafrost degradation were also discussed. The results showed that FI was much smaller in the interior than other areas of the QTP, and it increased at a rate of 53.0 °C d/10a during the 40 years. FI in the main body of the QTP was relatively stable than surrounding areas; it was more stable in the northern part than in the southern part. On average, the FI variation coefficient was larger than 10%, indicating the large fluctuation of FI during the 40 years. FI decreased with the increasing altitude; it was more sensitive to the altitude in the south of 33° N than in the north. The variation of FI was closely related to the maximum freezing depth (MFD) and the active layer thickness (ALT). It was observed that MFD decreased and ALT increased by approximately 1.4 cm and 1.6 cm, respectively, with each 10.0 °C d increase in FI. The results exhibited the thermal condition variation of the permafrost in QTP and revealed a degrading trend of the permafrost.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0177-798X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1434-4483</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00704-023-04672-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Vienna: Springer Vienna</publisher><subject>Active layer ; Altitude ; Analysis ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Atmospheric Sciences ; China ; Climate change ; Climatology ; Coefficient of variation ; Degradation ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Freezing ; Global temperature changes ; Permafrost ; Soil degradation ; Soil temperature ; Thickness ; Variation ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Weather ; Weather stations</subject><ispartof>Theoretical and applied climatology, 2024-02, Vol.155 (2), p.985-998</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Springer</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-b0de745fa92204601a0c8679d5056f4be1412894968dfc9eba9e2a39ed0418963</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-023-04672-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00704-023-04672-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Li, Ren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Junjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Tonghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qinxue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Xiaodong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Shenning</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Guojie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Wenhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiao, Yongliang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yao, Jimin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Yao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Xiaofan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Jianzong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qiao, Yongping</creatorcontrib><title>The spatiotemporal variations of freezing index and its relationship with permafrost degradation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1977 to 2016</title><title>Theoretical and applied climatology</title><addtitle>Theor Appl Climatol</addtitle><description>The freezing index (FI) is one of the most important indicators that shows the variation of permafrost. However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived from 74 meteorological stations from 1977 to 2016 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Furthermore, the factors affecting the FI variation and its relationship with permafrost degradation were also discussed. The results showed that FI was much smaller in the interior than other areas of the QTP, and it increased at a rate of 53.0 °C d/10a during the 40 years. FI in the main body of the QTP was relatively stable than surrounding areas; it was more stable in the northern part than in the southern part. On average, the FI variation coefficient was larger than 10%, indicating the large fluctuation of FI during the 40 years. FI decreased with the increasing altitude; it was more sensitive to the altitude in the south of 33° N than in the north. The variation of FI was closely related to the maximum freezing depth (MFD) and the active layer thickness (ALT). It was observed that MFD decreased and ALT increased by approximately 1.4 cm and 1.6 cm, respectively, with each 10.0 °C d increase in FI. The results exhibited the thermal condition variation of the permafrost in QTP and revealed a degrading trend of the permafrost.</description><subject>Active layer</subject><subject>Altitude</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Sciences</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climatology</subject><subject>Coefficient of variation</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Freezing</subject><subject>Global temperature changes</subject><subject>Permafrost</subject><subject>Soil degradation</subject><subject>Soil temperature</subject><subject>Thickness</subject><subject>Variation</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution 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permafrost degradation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1977 to 2016</title><author>Li, Ren ; Ma, Junjie ; Wu, Tonghua ; Wang, Qinxue ; Wu, Xiaodong ; Zhao, Lin ; Wang, Shenning ; Hu, Guojie ; Liu, Wenhao ; Jiao, Yongliang ; Yao, Jimin ; Xiao, Yao ; Zhu, Xiaofan ; Shi, Jianzong ; Qiao, Yongping</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-b0de745fa92204601a0c8679d5056f4be1412894968dfc9eba9e2a39ed0418963</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Active layer</topic><topic>Altitude</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Sciences</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Climatology</topic><topic>Coefficient of variation</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth 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Guojie</au><au>Liu, Wenhao</au><au>Jiao, Yongliang</au><au>Yao, Jimin</au><au>Xiao, Yao</au><au>Zhu, Xiaofan</au><au>Shi, Jianzong</au><au>Qiao, Yongping</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The spatiotemporal variations of freezing index and its relationship with permafrost degradation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1977 to 2016</atitle><jtitle>Theoretical and applied climatology</jtitle><stitle>Theor Appl Climatol</stitle><date>2024-02-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>155</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>985</spage><epage>998</epage><pages>985-998</pages><issn>0177-798X</issn><eissn>1434-4483</eissn><abstract>The freezing index (FI) is one of the most important indicators that shows the variation of permafrost. However, the relationship between climate change and the thermal conditions of permafrost is not understood well. This study analyzed the variation of FI based on 5-cm soil temperature derived from 74 meteorological stations from 1977 to 2016 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Furthermore, the factors affecting the FI variation and its relationship with permafrost degradation were also discussed. The results showed that FI was much smaller in the interior than other areas of the QTP, and it increased at a rate of 53.0 °C d/10a during the 40 years. FI in the main body of the QTP was relatively stable than surrounding areas; it was more stable in the northern part than in the southern part. On average, the FI variation coefficient was larger than 10%, indicating the large fluctuation of FI during the 40 years. FI decreased with the increasing altitude; it was more sensitive to the altitude in the south of 33° N than in the north. The variation of FI was closely related to the maximum freezing depth (MFD) and the active layer thickness (ALT). It was observed that MFD decreased and ALT increased by approximately 1.4 cm and 1.6 cm, respectively, with each 10.0 °C d increase in FI. The results exhibited the thermal condition variation of the permafrost in QTP and revealed a degrading trend of the permafrost.</abstract><cop>Vienna</cop><pub>Springer Vienna</pub><doi>10.1007/s00704-023-04672-1</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Active layer Altitude Analysis Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Atmospheric Sciences China Climate change Climatology Coefficient of variation Degradation Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Freezing Global temperature changes Permafrost Soil degradation Soil temperature Thickness Variation Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control Weather Weather stations |
| title | The spatiotemporal variations of freezing index and its relationship with permafrost degradation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1977 to 2016 |
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