Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry
Fish feed is essential in aquaculture fish production because, along with beneficial nutrients and components, many suspected compounds can be transferred to fish and ultimately to humans. In this context, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to monitor various pesticides and pharmaceutical compou...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental research 2024-06, Vol.251 (Pt 2), p.118739, Article 118739 |
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| creator | Boti, Vasiliki Martinaiou, Panagiota Gkountouras, Dimitrios Albanis, Triantafyllos |
| description | Fish feed is essential in aquaculture fish production because, along with beneficial nutrients and components, many suspected compounds can be transferred to fish and ultimately to humans. In this context, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to monitor various pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds in aquaculture fish feed through target analysis and many other groups of chemicals via suspect screening approaches. In this study, the QuEChERS extraction method was optimized, validated, and applied to fifty-four fish feed samples collected from different production batches. This was followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-IT/Orbitrap-MS) for targeted and suspect screening purposes. In general, pesticides provided satisfactory recoveries (70–105.5 %), with quantification limits lower than 5 ng g−1, whereas pharmaceuticals displayed recoveries ranging from 70.5 to 120.2 %, with quantification limits below 25 ng g−1. In addition, the matrix effects and measurement uncertainty were assessed to provide more accurate and high-confidence results. Pirimiphos-methyl was detected and quantified in 20 of 54 fish feed samples (37 %) at concentrations |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118739 |
| format | Article |
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•Optimized QuEChERS for target and non-target analysis of 54 fish feed samples.•Target analysis of 8 pesticides and 24 pharmaceuticals.•Target detection & quantification of pesticide pirimiphos-methyl in 37% of feeds.•Suspect screening revealed 10 mycotoxins, tebuconazole, fenazaquin, PFOS & ethoxyquin/TPs.•Overall strategy as crucial for ensuring the safety of aquaculture feed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-9351</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1096-0953</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0953</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118739</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38503377</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>aflatoxin G2 ; antioxidants ; aquaculture ; citrinin ; Contaminants ; ethoxyquin ; fish ; Fish feed ; fish feeds ; fish production ; LC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS ; mass spectrometry ; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ; pirimiphos-methyl ; QuEChERS ; Suspect screening ; tebuconazole ; uncertainty ; zearalenone</subject><ispartof>Environmental research, 2024-06, Vol.251 (Pt 2), p.118739, Article 118739</ispartof><rights>2024 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-8fa86646cbdd9ef0aaa08a504557f531d12b5edf4c795ddeefed6e0b3d56682d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-8fa86646cbdd9ef0aaa08a504557f531d12b5edf4c795ddeefed6e0b3d56682d3</cites><orcidid>0009-0005-0230-2920 ; 0000-0002-5548-6242</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124006431$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38503377$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Boti, Vasiliki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinaiou, Panagiota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gkountouras, Dimitrios</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albanis, Triantafyllos</creatorcontrib><title>Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry</title><title>Environmental research</title><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><description>Fish feed is essential in aquaculture fish production because, along with beneficial nutrients and components, many suspected compounds can be transferred to fish and ultimately to humans. In this context, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to monitor various pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds in aquaculture fish feed through target analysis and many other groups of chemicals via suspect screening approaches. In this study, the QuEChERS extraction method was optimized, validated, and applied to fifty-four fish feed samples collected from different production batches. This was followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-IT/Orbitrap-MS) for targeted and suspect screening purposes. In general, pesticides provided satisfactory recoveries (70–105.5 %), with quantification limits lower than 5 ng g−1, whereas pharmaceuticals displayed recoveries ranging from 70.5 to 120.2 %, with quantification limits below 25 ng g−1. In addition, the matrix effects and measurement uncertainty were assessed to provide more accurate and high-confidence results. Pirimiphos-methyl was detected and quantified in 20 of 54 fish feed samples (37 %) at concentrations <77 ng g−1. Finally, suspect screening revealed the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (e.g., citrinin, aflatoxin G2, zearalenone, and alternariol), two pesticides excluding the target pesticides (tebuconazole and fenazaquin), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in almost 2 % of the samples, and ethoxyquin (antioxidant), with 12 of its Transformation Products (TPs). Finally, suspect analysis incorporated in routine analyses have proven to have great potential for complete monitoring.
[Display omitted]
•Optimized QuEChERS for target and non-target analysis of 54 fish feed samples.•Target analysis of 8 pesticides and 24 pharmaceuticals.•Target detection & quantification of pesticide pirimiphos-methyl in 37% of feeds.•Suspect screening revealed 10 mycotoxins, tebuconazole, fenazaquin, PFOS & ethoxyquin/TPs.•Overall strategy as crucial for ensuring the safety of aquaculture feed.</description><subject>aflatoxin G2</subject><subject>antioxidants</subject><subject>aquaculture</subject><subject>citrinin</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>ethoxyquin</subject><subject>fish</subject><subject>Fish feed</subject><subject>fish feeds</subject><subject>fish production</subject><subject>LC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS</subject><subject>mass spectrometry</subject><subject>perfluorooctane sulfonic acid</subject><subject>pirimiphos-methyl</subject><subject>QuEChERS</subject><subject>Suspect screening</subject><subject>tebuconazole</subject><subject>uncertainty</subject><subject>zearalenone</subject><issn>0013-9351</issn><issn>1096-0953</issn><issn>1096-0953</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkc2KFDEUhYMoTjv6BiJZuqk2qVQqVRtBhvEHBtyM65BObrrSdCVtbmpgnsTXNd01utTVJfDdc27OIeQtZ1vOeP_hsIX4kAG3LWu7LeeDEuMzsuFs7Bs2SvGcbBjjohmF5FfkFeKhPrkU7CW5EoNkQii1Ib_uTd5DoSY6iguewBaKNgPEEPfUnE45GTsBUp8yLRPQ4CCW4IM1JaRIk6cwQ95f6KqRKpOpTbGYOUQTC9IQqQ84UQ_gkC54Rqewn2g9Ph2Xi8xsEOnFPacZSn58TV54c0R48zSvyY_Pt_c3X5u771--3Xy6a6wYZWkGb4a-73q7c24Ez4wxbDCSdVIqLwV3vN1JcL6zapTOAXhwPbCdcLLvh9aJa_J-1a0f_bkAFj0HtHA8mghpQS1qYnJQg1L_RdtRtYq1Q88r2q2ozQkxg9enHGaTHzVn-tyePui1PX1uT6_t1bV3Tw7Lbgb3d-lPXRX4uAJQI3kIkDXaANGCC7lmp10K_3b4DX5nseY</recordid><startdate>20240615</startdate><enddate>20240615</enddate><creator>Boti, Vasiliki</creator><creator>Martinaiou, Panagiota</creator><creator>Gkountouras, Dimitrios</creator><creator>Albanis, Triantafyllos</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0230-2920</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-6242</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240615</creationdate><title>Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry</title><author>Boti, Vasiliki ; Martinaiou, Panagiota ; Gkountouras, Dimitrios ; Albanis, Triantafyllos</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-8fa86646cbdd9ef0aaa08a504557f531d12b5edf4c795ddeefed6e0b3d56682d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>aflatoxin G2</topic><topic>antioxidants</topic><topic>aquaculture</topic><topic>citrinin</topic><topic>Contaminants</topic><topic>ethoxyquin</topic><topic>fish</topic><topic>Fish feed</topic><topic>fish feeds</topic><topic>fish production</topic><topic>LC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS</topic><topic>mass spectrometry</topic><topic>perfluorooctane sulfonic acid</topic><topic>pirimiphos-methyl</topic><topic>QuEChERS</topic><topic>Suspect screening</topic><topic>tebuconazole</topic><topic>uncertainty</topic><topic>zearalenone</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Boti, Vasiliki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinaiou, Panagiota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gkountouras, Dimitrios</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albanis, Triantafyllos</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Boti, Vasiliki</au><au>Martinaiou, Panagiota</au><au>Gkountouras, Dimitrios</au><au>Albanis, Triantafyllos</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry</atitle><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><date>2024-06-15</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>251</volume><issue>Pt 2</issue><spage>118739</spage><pages>118739-</pages><artnum>118739</artnum><issn>0013-9351</issn><issn>1096-0953</issn><eissn>1096-0953</eissn><abstract>Fish feed is essential in aquaculture fish production because, along with beneficial nutrients and components, many suspected compounds can be transferred to fish and ultimately to humans. In this context, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to monitor various pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds in aquaculture fish feed through target analysis and many other groups of chemicals via suspect screening approaches. In this study, the QuEChERS extraction method was optimized, validated, and applied to fifty-four fish feed samples collected from different production batches. This was followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-IT/Orbitrap-MS) for targeted and suspect screening purposes. In general, pesticides provided satisfactory recoveries (70–105.5 %), with quantification limits lower than 5 ng g−1, whereas pharmaceuticals displayed recoveries ranging from 70.5 to 120.2 %, with quantification limits below 25 ng g−1. In addition, the matrix effects and measurement uncertainty were assessed to provide more accurate and high-confidence results. Pirimiphos-methyl was detected and quantified in 20 of 54 fish feed samples (37 %) at concentrations <77 ng g−1. Finally, suspect screening revealed the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (e.g., citrinin, aflatoxin G2, zearalenone, and alternariol), two pesticides excluding the target pesticides (tebuconazole and fenazaquin), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in almost 2 % of the samples, and ethoxyquin (antioxidant), with 12 of its Transformation Products (TPs). Finally, suspect analysis incorporated in routine analyses have proven to have great potential for complete monitoring.
[Display omitted]
•Optimized QuEChERS for target and non-target analysis of 54 fish feed samples.•Target analysis of 8 pesticides and 24 pharmaceuticals.•Target detection & quantification of pesticide pirimiphos-methyl in 37% of feeds.•Suspect screening revealed 10 mycotoxins, tebuconazole, fenazaquin, PFOS & ethoxyquin/TPs.•Overall strategy as crucial for ensuring the safety of aquaculture feed.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>38503377</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.envres.2024.118739</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0230-2920</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-6242</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | aflatoxin G2 antioxidants aquaculture citrinin Contaminants ethoxyquin fish Fish feed fish feeds fish production LC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS mass spectrometry perfluorooctane sulfonic acid pirimiphos-methyl QuEChERS Suspect screening tebuconazole uncertainty zearalenone |
| title | Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry |
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