Genome-wide phylogenetic and genetic evolutionary analyses of mitochondria in Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Hypoderma bovis ( H. bovis ) and Hypoderma sinense ( H. sinense ) are insects that cause hypodermosis in yaks and Bos taurus . Hypodermosis is a severe skin condition that not only impairs the development of local animal husbandry but also poses threats to human health as a zoonosis. The Qinghai-Tib...
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| creator | Chen, Wangkai Zhang, Haining Meng, Ru Zhang, Xueyong Duo, Hong Guo, Zhihong Shen, Xiuying Chen, Changjiang Li, Zhi Fu, Yong |
| description | Hypoderma bovis
(
H. bovis
) and
Hypoderma sinense
(
H. sinense
) are insects that cause hypodermosis in yaks and
Bos taurus
. Hypodermosis is a severe skin condition that not only impairs the development of local animal husbandry but also poses threats to human health as a zoonosis. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is known as the “Roof of the World.” Its unique geographical environment and climate conditions have supported the growth of a wide range of mammals, providing favorable conditions for
Hypoderma
spp. to complete their life cycles. In this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
collected from the QTP were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. We found that the whole genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
are 16,283 bp and 16,300 bp in length, respectively. Both the
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
genomes have 37 mitochondrial genes, which include two rRNA genes (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, the control region (D-loop region), the light chain replication initiation region, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The phylogenetic tree generated based on the 13 PCGs revealed close phylogenetic relationships between
H. sinense
,
H. bovis
, and
Hypoderma lineatum
. A similar result was also found in our phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. However, analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) showed cluster of
H. bovis
,
H. sinense
, and
Cuterebra
spp. on the same branch, all belonging to Oestridae. The differentiation time generated based on 13 PCGs indicates that
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
differentiated and formed ~4.69 million years ago (Mya) and ~4.06 Mya, respectively. This timing coincides with the differentiation and appearance of yak and
Bos taurus
in the Pliocene (~4.7 Mya), indicating that the parasites and mammals diverged in close temporal proximity. Of note, this period also witnessed a rapid uplift of the QTP, causing significant climate and environmental changes. Thus, we conjecture that the differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. is potentially related to the differentiation of their host species, as well as climate changes caused by the uplift of the QTP. Overall, our study can provide valuable data to support further studies on the phylogeny and differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. on the QTP. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6 |
| format | Article |
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(
H. bovis
) and
Hypoderma sinense
(
H. sinense
) are insects that cause hypodermosis in yaks and
Bos taurus
. Hypodermosis is a severe skin condition that not only impairs the development of local animal husbandry but also poses threats to human health as a zoonosis. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is known as the “Roof of the World.” Its unique geographical environment and climate conditions have supported the growth of a wide range of mammals, providing favorable conditions for
Hypoderma
spp. to complete their life cycles. In this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
collected from the QTP were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. We found that the whole genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
are 16,283 bp and 16,300 bp in length, respectively. Both the
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
genomes have 37 mitochondrial genes, which include two rRNA genes (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, the control region (D-loop region), the light chain replication initiation region, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The phylogenetic tree generated based on the 13 PCGs revealed close phylogenetic relationships between
H. sinense
,
H. bovis
, and
Hypoderma lineatum
. A similar result was also found in our phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. However, analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) showed cluster of
H. bovis
,
H. sinense
, and
Cuterebra
spp. on the same branch, all belonging to Oestridae. The differentiation time generated based on 13 PCGs indicates that
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
differentiated and formed ~4.69 million years ago (Mya) and ~4.06 Mya, respectively. This timing coincides with the differentiation and appearance of yak and
Bos taurus
in the Pliocene (~4.7 Mya), indicating that the parasites and mammals diverged in close temporal proximity. Of note, this period also witnessed a rapid uplift of the QTP, causing significant climate and environmental changes. Thus, we conjecture that the differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. is potentially related to the differentiation of their host species, as well as climate changes caused by the uplift of the QTP. Overall, our study can provide valuable data to support further studies on the phylogeny and differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. on the QTP.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0932-0113</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1955</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38095728</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animal husbandry ; Animals ; Bats ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Bos taurus ; Cattle ; China ; climate ; Climate change ; Cuterebra ; Cytochrome oxidase ; cytochrome-c oxidase ; Diptera ; Environmental changes ; Genes ; Genetic analysis ; Genomes ; Genomics ; Health aspects ; hosts ; human health ; Humans ; Hypoderma ; Hypoderma bovis ; Hypoderma lineatum ; Hypoderma sinense ; Immunology ; Life cycles ; Mammals ; Medical Microbiology ; Microbiology ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondria - genetics ; mitochondrial genome ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Pliocene ; Pliocene epoch ; Replication initiation ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; rRNA 12S ; rRNA 16S ; rRNA 18S ; rRNA 28S ; Tibet ; Transfer RNA ; tRNA ; yaks ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>Parasitology research (1987), 2024-01, Vol.123 (1), p.43-43, Article 43</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Springer</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-882093da80c1f05f93f07a2ac05425ad25022e9c4a0d582fb51575c288f88183</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-882093da80c1f05f93f07a2ac05425ad25022e9c4a0d582fb51575c288f88183</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38095728$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wangkai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Haining</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Ru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xueyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duo, Hong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Zhihong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Xiuying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Changjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Yong</creatorcontrib><title>Genome-wide phylogenetic and genetic evolutionary analyses of mitochondria in Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau</title><title>Parasitology research (1987)</title><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><description>Hypoderma bovis
(
H. bovis
) and
Hypoderma sinense
(
H. sinense
) are insects that cause hypodermosis in yaks and
Bos taurus
. Hypodermosis is a severe skin condition that not only impairs the development of local animal husbandry but also poses threats to human health as a zoonosis. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is known as the “Roof of the World.” Its unique geographical environment and climate conditions have supported the growth of a wide range of mammals, providing favorable conditions for
Hypoderma
spp. to complete their life cycles. In this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
collected from the QTP were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. We found that the whole genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
are 16,283 bp and 16,300 bp in length, respectively. Both the
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
genomes have 37 mitochondrial genes, which include two rRNA genes (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, the control region (D-loop region), the light chain replication initiation region, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The phylogenetic tree generated based on the 13 PCGs revealed close phylogenetic relationships between
H. sinense
,
H. bovis
, and
Hypoderma lineatum
. A similar result was also found in our phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. However, analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) showed cluster of
H. bovis
,
H. sinense
, and
Cuterebra
spp. on the same branch, all belonging to Oestridae. The differentiation time generated based on 13 PCGs indicates that
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
differentiated and formed ~4.69 million years ago (Mya) and ~4.06 Mya, respectively. This timing coincides with the differentiation and appearance of yak and
Bos taurus
in the Pliocene (~4.7 Mya), indicating that the parasites and mammals diverged in close temporal proximity. Of note, this period also witnessed a rapid uplift of the QTP, causing significant climate and environmental changes. Thus, we conjecture that the differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. is potentially related to the differentiation of their host species, as well as climate changes caused by the uplift of the QTP. Overall, our study can provide valuable data to support further studies on the phylogeny and differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. on the QTP.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animal husbandry</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bats</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Bos taurus</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>climate</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Cuterebra</subject><subject>Cytochrome oxidase</subject><subject>cytochrome-c oxidase</subject><subject>Diptera</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genetic analysis</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>hosts</subject><subject>human health</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypoderma</subject><subject>Hypoderma bovis</subject><subject>Hypoderma lineatum</subject><subject>Hypoderma sinense</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Life cycles</subject><subject>Mammals</subject><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Mitochondria</subject><subject>Mitochondria - genetics</subject><subject>mitochondrial genome</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Pliocene</subject><subject>Pliocene epoch</subject><subject>Replication initiation</subject><subject>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</subject><subject>rRNA 12S</subject><subject>rRNA 16S</subject><subject>rRNA 18S</subject><subject>rRNA 28S</subject><subject>Tibet</subject><subject>Transfer RNA</subject><subject>tRNA</subject><subject>yaks</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>0932-0113</issn><issn>1432-1955</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFks2OFCEUhStG47SjL-DCkLhxU-0FigKWk4lOm0yiJr0nNHXpZlIFbVE1pp_Bl5bpnvEvRsOCG-53TrhwquolhSUFkG8zQMPbGhivQUELdfuoWtCGs5pqIR5XC9ClBkr5WfUs5xsAKtumeVqdcQVaSKYW1bcrjGnA-mvokOx3hz5tMeIUHLGxIw813qZ-nkKKdjyUhu0PGTNJngxhSm6XYjcGS0Ikq8M-dTgOlmzSbchHk9WS5BAxZiQpkmmH5HOI250N9TpscLKRfOrthHZ-Xj3xts_44n4_r9bv360vV_X1x6sPlxfXtWukmGqlWBmsswoc9SC85h6kZdaBaJiwHRPAGGrXWOiEYn4jqJDCMaW8UlTx8-rNyXY_pi8z5skMITvsexsxzdlwKrhoVdP-H2UamG6F0rKgr_9Ab9I8lqc6UlRzLtgv1Nb2aEL0aRqtuzM1F1K2XEqpm0It_0KV1eEQXIroQzn_TcBOAjemnEf0Zj-GoXyWoWDusmJOWTElK-aYFdMW0av7G8-bAbsfkodwFICfgFxacYvjz5H-YfsdO3bIGA</recordid><startdate>20240101</startdate><enddate>20240101</enddate><creator>Chen, Wangkai</creator><creator>Zhang, Haining</creator><creator>Meng, Ru</creator><creator>Zhang, Xueyong</creator><creator>Duo, Hong</creator><creator>Guo, Zhihong</creator><creator>Shen, Xiuying</creator><creator>Chen, Changjiang</creator><creator>Li, Zhi</creator><creator>Fu, Yong</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240101</creationdate><title>Genome-wide phylogenetic and genetic evolutionary analyses of mitochondria in Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau</title><author>Chen, Wangkai ; Zhang, Haining ; Meng, Ru ; Zhang, Xueyong ; Duo, Hong ; Guo, Zhihong ; Shen, Xiuying ; Chen, Changjiang ; Li, Zhi ; Fu, Yong</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-882093da80c1f05f93f07a2ac05425ad25022e9c4a0d582fb51575c288f88183</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animal husbandry</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bats</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Bos taurus</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>climate</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Cuterebra</topic><topic>Cytochrome oxidase</topic><topic>cytochrome-c oxidase</topic><topic>Diptera</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genetic analysis</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>hosts</topic><topic>human health</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypoderma</topic><topic>Hypoderma bovis</topic><topic>Hypoderma lineatum</topic><topic>Hypoderma sinense</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Life cycles</topic><topic>Mammals</topic><topic>Medical Microbiology</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Mitochondria</topic><topic>Mitochondria - genetics</topic><topic>mitochondrial genome</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Pliocene</topic><topic>Pliocene epoch</topic><topic>Replication initiation</topic><topic>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</topic><topic>rRNA 12S</topic><topic>rRNA 16S</topic><topic>rRNA 18S</topic><topic>rRNA 28S</topic><topic>Tibet</topic><topic>Transfer RNA</topic><topic>tRNA</topic><topic>yaks</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wangkai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Haining</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Ru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xueyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duo, Hong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Zhihong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Xiuying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Changjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Yong</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Parasitology research (1987)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chen, Wangkai</au><au>Zhang, Haining</au><au>Meng, Ru</au><au>Zhang, Xueyong</au><au>Duo, Hong</au><au>Guo, Zhihong</au><au>Shen, Xiuying</au><au>Chen, Changjiang</au><au>Li, Zhi</au><au>Fu, Yong</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Genome-wide phylogenetic and genetic evolutionary analyses of mitochondria in Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau</atitle><jtitle>Parasitology research (1987)</jtitle><stitle>Parasitol Res</stitle><addtitle>Parasitol Res</addtitle><date>2024-01-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>123</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>43</spage><epage>43</epage><pages>43-43</pages><artnum>43</artnum><issn>0932-0113</issn><eissn>1432-1955</eissn><abstract>Hypoderma bovis
(
H. bovis
) and
Hypoderma sinense
(
H. sinense
) are insects that cause hypodermosis in yaks and
Bos taurus
. Hypodermosis is a severe skin condition that not only impairs the development of local animal husbandry but also poses threats to human health as a zoonosis. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is known as the “Roof of the World.” Its unique geographical environment and climate conditions have supported the growth of a wide range of mammals, providing favorable conditions for
Hypoderma
spp. to complete their life cycles. In this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
collected from the QTP were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. We found that the whole genomes of
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
are 16,283 bp and 16,300 bp in length, respectively. Both the
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
genomes have 37 mitochondrial genes, which include two rRNA genes (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, the control region (D-loop region), the light chain replication initiation region, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The phylogenetic tree generated based on the 13 PCGs revealed close phylogenetic relationships between
H. sinense
,
H. bovis
, and
Hypoderma lineatum
. A similar result was also found in our phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA. However, analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) showed cluster of
H. bovis
,
H. sinense
, and
Cuterebra
spp. on the same branch, all belonging to Oestridae. The differentiation time generated based on 13 PCGs indicates that
H. bovis
and
H. sinense
differentiated and formed ~4.69 million years ago (Mya) and ~4.06 Mya, respectively. This timing coincides with the differentiation and appearance of yak and
Bos taurus
in the Pliocene (~4.7 Mya), indicating that the parasites and mammals diverged in close temporal proximity. Of note, this period also witnessed a rapid uplift of the QTP, causing significant climate and environmental changes. Thus, we conjecture that the differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. is potentially related to the differentiation of their host species, as well as climate changes caused by the uplift of the QTP. Overall, our study can provide valuable data to support further studies on the phylogeny and differentiation of
Hypoderma
spp. on the QTP.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>38095728</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6</doi><tpages>1</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0932-0113 |
| ispartof | Parasitology research (1987), 2024-01, Vol.123 (1), p.43-43, Article 43 |
| issn | 0932-0113 1432-1955 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3153568468 |
| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Analysis Animal husbandry Animals Bats Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Bos taurus Cattle China climate Climate change Cuterebra Cytochrome oxidase cytochrome-c oxidase Diptera Environmental changes Genes Genetic analysis Genomes Genomics Health aspects hosts human health Humans Hypoderma Hypoderma bovis Hypoderma lineatum Hypoderma sinense Immunology Life cycles Mammals Medical Microbiology Microbiology Mitochondria Mitochondria - genetics mitochondrial genome Phylogenetics Phylogeny Pliocene Pliocene epoch Replication initiation RNA, Ribosomal, 16S rRNA 12S rRNA 16S rRNA 18S rRNA 28S Tibet Transfer RNA tRNA yaks Zoonoses |
| title | Genome-wide phylogenetic and genetic evolutionary analyses of mitochondria in Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T04%3A17%3A19IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genome-wide%20phylogenetic%20and%20genetic%20evolutionary%20analyses%20of%20mitochondria%20in%20Hypoderma%20bovis%20and%20H.%20sinense%20on%20the%20Qinghai-Tibetan%20Plateau&rft.jtitle=Parasitology%20research%20(1987)&rft.au=Chen,%20Wangkai&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=43&rft.epage=43&rft.pages=43-43&rft.artnum=43&rft.issn=0932-0113&rft.eissn=1432-1955&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00436-023-08060-6&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA776377794%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2901933527&rft_id=info:pmid/38095728&rft_galeid=A776377794&rfr_iscdi=true |