Comparative analysis of ZnO and CeO2 nanoparticle additives for the improvement of hemp biofuels as a sustainable biodiesel alternative: A comprehensive review

There has been significant research into the utilization of Cannabis sativa Linn or industrial hemp for various applications, including as a fuel alternative such as biodiesel. The advantages of this crop offer improvements in several current environmental concerns, such as pollutant emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and other drawbacks of fossil fuels. However, despite these advantages, significant enhancements in the quality of hemp biodiesel are necessary to consider it a sustainable alternative. Currently, inorganic nanoparticle additives, such as zinc oxide and cerium oxide, are employed within the fuel industry to enhance the quality of current market products. Previous studies have also suggested the potential benefits of utilizing these particles for biodiesel. This review aims to provide detailed research into defining and understanding the background information necessary to explore the topic of hemp biodiesel enhancements further. It introduces a novel approach for modifying hemp biodiesel as a viable fuel alternative through zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticle additives.