Dynamics of Carbon and Water Fluxes over Cropland and Agroforest Ecosystems on the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau
Studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem carbon and water exchanges are essential in predicting the effects of climate change on regional carbon and energy budgets. Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an...
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| description | Studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem carbon and water exchanges are essential in predicting the effects of climate change on regional carbon and energy budgets. Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a−1. However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were −446.28 and −549.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg−1 H2O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg−1 H2O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (Rn) and Ts were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/f15050774 |
| format | Article |
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Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a−1. However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were −446.28 and −549.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg−1 H2O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg−1 H2O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (Rn) and Ts were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1999-4907</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1999-4907</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/f15050774</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agricultural land ; Agricultural production ; Agroforestry ; Annual variations ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon sequestration ; Carbon sinks ; China ; Climate change ; Climate effects ; Comparative analysis ; cropland ; Ecosystems ; eddy covariance ; energy ; Energy budget ; Environmental aspects ; Evapotranspiration ; Fluxes ; Forests and forestry ; gross primary productivity ; Measurement ; Moisture content ; net ecosystem exchange ; Net radiation ; Photosynthetically active radiation ; Precipitation ; Productivity ; Radiation ; Soil temperature ; Soil water ; soil water content ; Terrestrial ecosystems ; Vapor pressure ; vapor pressure deficit ; Water content ; Water use ; Water use efficiency ; Wheat ; Wind ; Winter ; Winter wheat</subject><ispartof>Forests, 2024-05, Vol.15 (5), p.774</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c324t-1d4d10e7e30be154060c5bdc65dc591bc52ad8ef42352c61670870f3211477433</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8066-7806</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Han, Xiaoyang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fang, Fengru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bai, Chenyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Kang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Yuanjun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Wenzhao</creatorcontrib><title>Dynamics of Carbon and Water Fluxes over Cropland and Agroforest Ecosystems on the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau</title><title>Forests</title><description>Studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem carbon and water exchanges are essential in predicting the effects of climate change on regional carbon and energy budgets. Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a−1. However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were −446.28 and −549.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg−1 H2O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg−1 H2O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (Rn) and Ts were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations.</description><subject>Agricultural land</subject><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Agroforestry</subject><subject>Annual variations</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon sequestration</subject><subject>Carbon sinks</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climate effects</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>cropland</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>eddy covariance</subject><subject>energy</subject><subject>Energy budget</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Evapotranspiration</subject><subject>Fluxes</subject><subject>Forests and forestry</subject><subject>gross primary productivity</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>net ecosystem exchange</subject><subject>Net radiation</subject><subject>Photosynthetically active radiation</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Productivity</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Soil temperature</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>soil water content</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><subject>Vapor pressure</subject><subject>vapor pressure deficit</subject><subject>Water content</subject><subject>Water use</subject><subject>Water use efficiency</subject><subject>Wheat</subject><subject>Wind</subject><subject>Winter</subject><subject>Winter wheat</subject><issn>1999-4907</issn><issn>1999-4907</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkVFLwzAQx4soOHQPfoOAL_qwmTRJuzyOuqkwUFDxsaTpZevoki1pxX17b0xEzBHuyP3uz-UuSa4YHXOu6J1lkkqa5-IkGTCl1Egomp_-ic-TYYxrikfmE5WKQbK73zu9aUwk3pJCh8o7ol1NPnQHgczb_gsw9YlxEfy2PaQOd7oM3voAsSMz4-M-drBBzpFuBeTV9-iCI8WqcRCBLDzESF5a1NT9ZXJmdRth-OMvkvf57K14HC2eH56K6WJkeCq6EatFzSjkwGkFTAqaUSOr2mSyNlKxyshU1xOwIuUyNRnLcjrJqeUpYwInwPlFcnPU3Qa_67HTctNEAy3-AXwfS84kl1IJlSF6_Q9d-z447K7kFBGU5hOkxkdqqVsoG2d9F7RBqwEH6B3YBt-nucJmmcwoFtweC0zwMQaw5TY0Gx32JaPlYWHl78L4N5IJhg0</recordid><startdate>20240501</startdate><enddate>20240501</enddate><creator>Han, Xiaoyang</creator><creator>Fang, Fengru</creator><creator>Bai, Chenyun</creator><creator>Du, Kang</creator><creator>Zhu, Yuanjun</creator><creator>Liu, Wenzhao</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7806</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240501</creationdate><title>Dynamics of Carbon and Water Fluxes over Cropland and Agroforest Ecosystems on the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau</title><author>Han, Xiaoyang ; 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Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a−1. However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were −446.28 and −549.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg−1 H2O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg−1 H2O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (Rn) and Ts were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/f15050774</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7806</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agricultural land Agricultural production Agroforestry Annual variations Carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Carbon sinks China Climate change Climate effects Comparative analysis cropland Ecosystems eddy covariance energy Energy budget Environmental aspects Evapotranspiration Fluxes Forests and forestry gross primary productivity Measurement Moisture content net ecosystem exchange Net radiation Photosynthetically active radiation Precipitation Productivity Radiation Soil temperature Soil water soil water content Terrestrial ecosystems Vapor pressure vapor pressure deficit Water content Water use Water use efficiency Wheat Wind Winter Winter wheat |
| title | Dynamics of Carbon and Water Fluxes over Cropland and Agroforest Ecosystems on the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau |
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