Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Community Tube Wells, Source Distribution, Associated Health Risk Exposure, and Suitability Analysis for Drinking from Arid Zone
Fluoride (F−) pollution in potable groundwater (GW) is a serious environmental concern in Pakistan with substantial human health hazard reports. The research on F− pollution in GW resources in Sindh Province is still incomplete. To explore the realistic conditions, the present research aimed to inve...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2023-11, Vol.15 (21), p.3740 |
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| creator | Ullah, Zahid Rashid, Abdur Nawab, Javed Bacha, Aziz-Ur-Rahim Ghani, Junaid Iqbal, Javed Zhu, Zhiling Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad Almutairi, Mikhlid H. |
| description | Fluoride (F−) pollution in potable groundwater (GW) is a serious environmental concern in Pakistan with substantial human health hazard reports. The research on F− pollution in GW resources in Sindh Province is still incomplete. To explore the realistic conditions, the present research aimed to investigate the GW quality of community tube wells concerning F− contamination in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 53 samples were collected and examined for F−, along with other physicochemical parameters. The F− values observed varied from 0.2–4.2 mg/L, with a mean value of 1.63 mg/L. Among the 53 samples, 46% had F− levels that were higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). The water type of the studied region was Ca-HCO3 type, which can be attributed to fresh recharged water. The interaction of rock–water contact controls the hydrochemistry of GW. The GW resources of the research zone were highly saturated with fluorite minerals. Human health risk calculation outcomes exposed that 21 samples showed high HQ values for children and 7 samples showed high values for adults in the research zone. Children are at high risk in the study area from drinking F−-contaminated GW. WQI results showed that 31 samples were not suitable for drinking. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w15213740 |
| format | Article |
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The research on F− pollution in GW resources in Sindh Province is still incomplete. To explore the realistic conditions, the present research aimed to investigate the GW quality of community tube wells concerning F− contamination in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 53 samples were collected and examined for F−, along with other physicochemical parameters. The F− values observed varied from 0.2–4.2 mg/L, with a mean value of 1.63 mg/L. Among the 53 samples, 46% had F− levels that were higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). The water type of the studied region was Ca-HCO3 type, which can be attributed to fresh recharged water. The interaction of rock–water contact controls the hydrochemistry of GW. The GW resources of the research zone were highly saturated with fluorite minerals. Human health risk calculation outcomes exposed that 21 samples showed high HQ values for children and 7 samples showed high values for adults in the research zone. Children are at high risk in the study area from drinking F−-contaminated GW. WQI results showed that 31 samples were not suitable for drinking.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w15213740</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Aquifers ; arid zones ; Climatic changes ; Coal ; Deserts ; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ; Fluorides ; Groundwater ; groundwater contamination ; Health aspects ; health hazards ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; human health ; hydrochemistry ; Investigations ; Landfill ; Pakistan ; Precipitation ; risk ; Sea level ; Statistical analysis ; Water quality ; Water, Underground ; World Health Organization</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2023-11, Vol.15 (21), p.3740</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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The research on F− pollution in GW resources in Sindh Province is still incomplete. To explore the realistic conditions, the present research aimed to investigate the GW quality of community tube wells concerning F− contamination in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 53 samples were collected and examined for F−, along with other physicochemical parameters. The F− values observed varied from 0.2–4.2 mg/L, with a mean value of 1.63 mg/L. Among the 53 samples, 46% had F− levels that were higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). The water type of the studied region was Ca-HCO3 type, which can be attributed to fresh recharged water. The interaction of rock–water contact controls the hydrochemistry of GW. The GW resources of the research zone were highly saturated with fluorite minerals. Human health risk calculation outcomes exposed that 21 samples showed high HQ values for children and 7 samples showed high values for adults in the research zone. Children are at high risk in the study area from drinking F−-contaminated GW. WQI results showed that 31 samples were not suitable for drinking.</description><subject>Aquifers</subject><subject>arid zones</subject><subject>Climatic changes</subject><subject>Coal</subject><subject>Deserts</subject><subject>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</subject><subject>Fluorides</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>groundwater contamination</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>health hazards</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>human health</subject><subject>hydrochemistry</subject><subject>Investigations</subject><subject>Landfill</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>Sea level</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water, Underground</subject><subject>World Health Organization</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkdtq3DAQhk1poSHNRd9goDct7CY6WvKl2ZwKgUKzUOiNkW05ncSWtjqQ7iP1LatlSykZXcwgff8wv6aq3lNyznlDLp6pZJQrQV5VJ4wovhZC0Nf_1W-rsxgfSQnRaC3JSfX7es4-4Ghh410yCzqT0DtABzfBZzc-m2QD-Km8L0t2mPawzb2Fb3ae4wrufQ6DhUuMKWCfD9oVtDH6AYtwhFtr5vQDvmJ8gqtfOx9zsCswboT7jMn0OB86ts7M-4gRJh_gMqB7QvcAU_ALtGU4-O6dfVe9mcwc7dnffFptr6-2m9v13Zebz5v2bj3wWqS1YkRq2XOpiVJEWUUapWrRWE1NPZCeMNmYxjb10IzKMC1lT5kRpNCiEZSfVh-PbXfB_8w2pm7BOBSzxlmfY8ep5IwSSXlBP7xAH8tvFCuxY1prLlmt6kKdH6kHM9sO3eRTMEM5o11wKMYmLPetUkzyWteqCD4dBUPwMQY7dbuAiwn7jpLusOfu3575H_R6mbE</recordid><startdate>20231101</startdate><enddate>20231101</enddate><creator>Ullah, Zahid</creator><creator>Rashid, Abdur</creator><creator>Nawab, Javed</creator><creator>Bacha, Aziz-Ur-Rahim</creator><creator>Ghani, Junaid</creator><creator>Iqbal, Javed</creator><creator>Zhu, Zhiling</creator><creator>Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad</creator><creator>Almutairi, Mikhlid H.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-5995</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-6412</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2060-6176</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3761-6656</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231101</creationdate><title>Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Community Tube Wells, Source Distribution, Associated Health Risk Exposure, and Suitability Analysis for Drinking from Arid Zone</title><author>Ullah, Zahid ; Rashid, Abdur ; Nawab, Javed ; Bacha, Aziz-Ur-Rahim ; Ghani, Junaid ; Iqbal, Javed ; Zhu, Zhiling ; Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad ; Almutairi, Mikhlid H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c364t-720585b35807707e70977649e81a6c0b0259a9e96c9d7a2855b12a4007749413</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Aquifers</topic><topic>arid zones</topic><topic>Climatic changes</topic><topic>Coal</topic><topic>Deserts</topic><topic>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</topic><topic>Fluorides</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>groundwater contamination</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>health hazards</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>human health</topic><topic>hydrochemistry</topic><topic>Investigations</topic><topic>Landfill</topic><topic>Pakistan</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>risk</topic><topic>Sea level</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water, Underground</topic><topic>World Health Organization</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Zahid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Abdur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nawab, Javed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bacha, Aziz-Ur-Rahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghani, Junaid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Javed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Zhiling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almutairi, Mikhlid H.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ullah, Zahid</au><au>Rashid, Abdur</au><au>Nawab, Javed</au><au>Bacha, Aziz-Ur-Rahim</au><au>Ghani, Junaid</au><au>Iqbal, Javed</au><au>Zhu, Zhiling</au><au>Alrefaei, Abdulwahed Fahad</au><au>Almutairi, Mikhlid H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Community Tube Wells, Source Distribution, Associated Health Risk Exposure, and Suitability Analysis for Drinking from Arid Zone</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2023-11-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>21</issue><spage>3740</spage><pages>3740-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>Fluoride (F−) pollution in potable groundwater (GW) is a serious environmental concern in Pakistan with substantial human health hazard reports. 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| subjects | Aquifers arid zones Climatic changes Coal Deserts Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Fluorides Groundwater groundwater contamination Health aspects health hazards Health risk assessment Health risks human health hydrochemistry Investigations Landfill Pakistan Precipitation risk Sea level Statistical analysis Water quality Water, Underground World Health Organization |
| title | Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Community Tube Wells, Source Distribution, Associated Health Risk Exposure, and Suitability Analysis for Drinking from Arid Zone |
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