Grazing pressure of sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus estimated from seawater temperature and wave height, and its effects on the early growth of annual kelp Saccharina japonica in northeastern Japan

Grazing by the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus plays a vital role in the development of marine forests of annual kelp, Saccharina japonica, along the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. The grazing rate of sea urchins, which are rigorously temperature dependent, affects the chance of germination/sur...

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