Automatic magnetic solid phase extraction for rapid and high-throughput determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in serum, breast milk and urine samples

In this study, an automatic magnetic solid phase extraction method was developed to determine six parent neonicotinoids (NEOs) and three of their metabolites in breast milk, serum and urine samples. As key extraction parameters, the sorbent amount, washing solvent and elution solvent were optimized to 4 mg of HLB packing magnetic sorbent, pure water and acetonitrile, respectively. Recoveries of the analytes ranged between 81% and 121% for bovine milk samples, 64% and 122% for fetal bovine serum samples and 81% and 109% for pooled urine samples, with RSDs of