Overlooked formation of chlorinated coupling byproducts during phenol degradation with ferrate(VI) oxidation technology

•Chlorinated oligomer byproducts are initially identified in ferrate oxidation systems.•Dimer and trimer byproducts are formed via coupling reactions.•Trimer byproducts are only generated in chloride-rich systems.•Phenol degradation pathway in K2FeO4/NaCl system is proposed. Currently, ferrate(VI) o...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of environmental sciences (China) 2025-06, Vol.152, p.429-441
Hauptverfasser: Tao, Dan, Zhou, Yuxin, Carter, Laura, Tian, Chengxuan, Qin, Na, Li, Kehao, Zhang, Fan
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container_issue
container_start_page 429
container_title Journal of environmental sciences (China)
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creator Tao, Dan
Zhou, Yuxin
Carter, Laura
Tian, Chengxuan
Qin, Na
Li, Kehao
Zhang, Fan
description •Chlorinated oligomer byproducts are initially identified in ferrate oxidation systems.•Dimer and trimer byproducts are formed via coupling reactions.•Trimer byproducts are only generated in chloride-rich systems.•Phenol degradation pathway in K2FeO4/NaCl system is proposed. Currently, ferrate(VI) oxidation technology (FOT) has been regarded as one of the most promising options for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants. However, the role and transformation of chloride ions (Cl−) in FOT have not been well explored. The current study aims to investigate the formation of chlorinated phenolic byproducts upon ferrate(VI) oxidation processes. The obtained results indicate that chlorides suffering ferrate(VI) attack will be transformed to active chlorine species (ACS), which will subsequently lead to the formation of highly toxic aromatic chlorinated byproducts. The identified byproducts include common chlorinated phenolic derivatives, as well as complex chlorinated oligomer byproducts with ether structures (mainly dimers and trimers). While the formation of common chlorophenols can be ascribed to the electrophilic substitution reactions mediated by ACS, the oligomer byproducts are generated via coupling reactions between chlorinated phenoxy radicals. ECOSAR software predicts that the generated chlorinated oligomer byproducts exhibit high ecotoxicological effects. As a whole, the above findings shed light on the potential risk of FOT in real practice. [Display omitted]
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.024
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Currently, ferrate(VI) oxidation technology (FOT) has been regarded as one of the most promising options for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants. However, the role and transformation of chloride ions (Cl−) in FOT have not been well explored. The current study aims to investigate the formation of chlorinated phenolic byproducts upon ferrate(VI) oxidation processes. The obtained results indicate that chlorides suffering ferrate(VI) attack will be transformed to active chlorine species (ACS), which will subsequently lead to the formation of highly toxic aromatic chlorinated byproducts. The identified byproducts include common chlorinated phenolic derivatives, as well as complex chlorinated oligomer byproducts with ether structures (mainly dimers and trimers). While the formation of common chlorophenols can be ascribed to the electrophilic substitution reactions mediated by ACS, the oligomer byproducts are generated via coupling reactions between chlorinated phenoxy radicals. ECOSAR software predicts that the generated chlorinated oligomer byproducts exhibit high ecotoxicological effects. As a whole, the above findings shed light on the potential risk of FOT in real practice. [Display omitted]</description><identifier>ISSN: 1001-0742</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.024</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39617565</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Chlorinated oligomers ; Chlorine - chemistry ; Ferrate(VI) oxidation ; Halogenation ; Iron - chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenol - chemistry ; Phenols - chemistry ; Reaction mechanism ; Toxicity calculation ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry</subject><ispartof>Journal of environmental sciences (China), 2025-06, Vol.152, p.429-441</ispartof><rights>2024</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024. 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Currently, ferrate(VI) oxidation technology (FOT) has been regarded as one of the most promising options for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants. However, the role and transformation of chloride ions (Cl−) in FOT have not been well explored. The current study aims to investigate the formation of chlorinated phenolic byproducts upon ferrate(VI) oxidation processes. The obtained results indicate that chlorides suffering ferrate(VI) attack will be transformed to active chlorine species (ACS), which will subsequently lead to the formation of highly toxic aromatic chlorinated byproducts. The identified byproducts include common chlorinated phenolic derivatives, as well as complex chlorinated oligomer byproducts with ether structures (mainly dimers and trimers). While the formation of common chlorophenols can be ascribed to the electrophilic substitution reactions mediated by ACS, the oligomer byproducts are generated via coupling reactions between chlorinated phenoxy radicals. ECOSAR software predicts that the generated chlorinated oligomer byproducts exhibit high ecotoxicological effects. As a whole, the above findings shed light on the potential risk of FOT in real practice. 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Currently, ferrate(VI) oxidation technology (FOT) has been regarded as one of the most promising options for the degradation of emerging organic pollutants. However, the role and transformation of chloride ions (Cl−) in FOT have not been well explored. The current study aims to investigate the formation of chlorinated phenolic byproducts upon ferrate(VI) oxidation processes. The obtained results indicate that chlorides suffering ferrate(VI) attack will be transformed to active chlorine species (ACS), which will subsequently lead to the formation of highly toxic aromatic chlorinated byproducts. The identified byproducts include common chlorinated phenolic derivatives, as well as complex chlorinated oligomer byproducts with ether structures (mainly dimers and trimers). While the formation of common chlorophenols can be ascribed to the electrophilic substitution reactions mediated by ACS, the oligomer byproducts are generated via coupling reactions between chlorinated phenoxy radicals. 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source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Chlorinated oligomers
Chlorine - chemistry
Ferrate(VI) oxidation
Halogenation
Iron - chemistry
Oxidation-Reduction
Phenol - chemistry
Phenols - chemistry
Reaction mechanism
Toxicity calculation
Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry
title Overlooked formation of chlorinated coupling byproducts during phenol degradation with ferrate(VI) oxidation technology
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