Fabrication of heterostructure multilayer devices through the optimization of Bi-metal sulfides for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

In this work, a titanium dioxide and lead sulfide (TiO 2 /PbS) nano-size heterostructure with tin sulfide was fabricated and coated via a two-step direct deposition process. Its microstructure, morphology, elemental composition, optical absorption, and photochemical activity were investigated. Linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry curves substantiated its catalytic activity, indicating quantum dot effects of a well-developed space charge domain on the surface of the hybrid structure. These give rise to electron-hole recombination suppression and a high charge mobility rate. Moreover, direct stabilization was identified in current density, corresponding to the hybrid structures limiting the diffusion current process. Higher J SC values observed were substantiated by the role of quantum dot-size effects and enhanced crystalline structures, leading to a reduction in series resistance and an improved conversion efficiency of 10.05%. Overall, theoretical analyses and empirical findings indicated that the seamless migration of photoexcited electrons across the interfaces of SnS and PbS is linked to quantum dot effect synergy. This is facilitated by the space charge region, which serves as a conduit for efficient electron transfer between the respective materials. The co-absorbent improves charge transfer while inhibiting charge recombination. The best device showed superior stability with a reduction of 8.10% (9.99%) from its initial performance, and its J SC values remained unchanged over 24 hours.