Spatial and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Regional Division of the Spatial Structure of MASH Fibrosis

To elucidate the regional distribution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) fibrosis within the liver and to identify potential therapeutic targets for MASH fibrosis. Liver sections from healthy controls, patients with simple steatosis and MASH patients were analysed using spatial transcriptomics integrated with single-cell RNA-seq. Spatial transcriptomics analysis of liver tissues revealed that the fibrotic region (Cluster 9) was primarily distributed in lobules, with some fibrosis also found in the surrounding area. Integration of the single-cell-sequencing data set (GSE189175) showed a greater proportion of inflammatory cells (Kupffer cells and T cells) and myofibroblasts in MASH. Six genes, showing high- or low-specific expression in Cluster 9, namely, ADAMTSL2, PTGDS, S100A6, PPP1R1A, ASS1 and G6PC, were identified in combination with pathology. The average expression levels of ADAMTSL2, PTGDS and S100A6 on the pathological HE staining map were positively correlated with the increase in the degree of fibrosis and aligned strongly with the distribution of fibrosis. ADAMTSL2+ myofibroblasts play a role in TNF signalling pathways and in the production of ECM structural components. Pseudotime analysis indicated that in the early stages of MASH, infiltration by T cells and Kupffer cells triggers a significant inflammatory response. Subsequently, this inflammation leads to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), transforming them into myofibroblasts and promoting the development of liver fibrosis. This study is the first to characterise lineage-specific changes in gene expression, subpopulation composition, and pseudotime analysis in MASH fibrosis and reveals potential therapeutic targets for this condition.