Natural Binary Herbal Small Molecules Self-Assembled Nanogel for Synergistic Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most significant pathogenic infections in childhood, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, there is no effective and safe drug or vaccine available for RSV. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active compound derived from the natural he...
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description | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most significant pathogenic infections in childhood, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, there is no effective and safe drug or vaccine available for RSV. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active compound derived from the natural herb licorice, has been reported to provide protection against influenza and coronaviruses, exhibiting notable antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Ephedrine (EPH) is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of cough and asthma, and it also demonstrates certain antiviral effects. In this study, EPH and GA were combined to form an efficient nanomaterial (EPH-GA nanogel). The self-assembly of this nanogel is driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, allowing it to serve as an antiviral nanomedicine without the need for a dual-component carrier, achieving a 100% drug loading efficiency. Oral administration of the EPH-GA nanogel significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of mice and improved lung lesions and tissue infiltration caused by RSV. Notably, we discovered that the assembled drug may create a “physical barrier” that prevents RSV from adsorbing to host cells, while free GA and EPH may compete with RSV for protein binding sites, thereby enhancing cellular uptake of EPH. Consequently, this prevents RSV infection and proliferation within host cells. Furthermore, the EC50 values changed from 310.83 μM for EPH and 262.88 μM for GA to 68.25 μM for the EPH-GA combination, with a combination index of 0.458. In addition, the in vivo biopharmaceutic process of GA and EPH was investigated, revealing that the oral administration of EPH-GA significantly increased the bioavailability of EPH while maintaining its plasma concentration at a relatively stable level. This enhancement may contribute to a synergistic antiviral effect when combined with GA. Furthermore, the in vivo process of EPH-GA demonstrates the advantage of delivering the drug to the lesion at elevated levels, thereby facilitating its antiviral mechanism at the cellular level. In this study, we identified an effective nanomedicine, EPH-GA nanogel, which can inhibit the proliferation of RSV and mitigate lung lesions resulting from viral infection by influencing the biopharmaceutical process in vivo. This research not only offers a novel strategy for the nanomedicine treatment of RSV but also elucidates, to some extent, the compatibility mechanisms of the multicomponents of tra |
doi_str_mv | 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01227 |
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Currently, there is no effective and safe drug or vaccine available for RSV. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active compound derived from the natural herb licorice, has been reported to provide protection against influenza and coronaviruses, exhibiting notable antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Ephedrine (EPH) is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of cough and asthma, and it also demonstrates certain antiviral effects. In this study, EPH and GA were combined to form an efficient nanomaterial (EPH-GA nanogel). The self-assembly of this nanogel is driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, allowing it to serve as an antiviral nanomedicine without the need for a dual-component carrier, achieving a 100% drug loading efficiency. Oral administration of the EPH-GA nanogel significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of mice and improved lung lesions and tissue infiltration caused by RSV. Notably, we discovered that the assembled drug may create a “physical barrier” that prevents RSV from adsorbing to host cells, while free GA and EPH may compete with RSV for protein binding sites, thereby enhancing cellular uptake of EPH. Consequently, this prevents RSV infection and proliferation within host cells. Furthermore, the EC50 values changed from 310.83 μM for EPH and 262.88 μM for GA to 68.25 μM for the EPH-GA combination, with a combination index of 0.458. In addition, the in vivo biopharmaceutic process of GA and EPH was investigated, revealing that the oral administration of EPH-GA significantly increased the bioavailability of EPH while maintaining its plasma concentration at a relatively stable level. This enhancement may contribute to a synergistic antiviral effect when combined with GA. Furthermore, the in vivo process of EPH-GA demonstrates the advantage of delivering the drug to the lesion at elevated levels, thereby facilitating its antiviral mechanism at the cellular level. In this study, we identified an effective nanomedicine, EPH-GA nanogel, which can inhibit the proliferation of RSV and mitigate lung lesions resulting from viral infection by influencing the biopharmaceutical process in vivo. This research not only offers a novel strategy for the nanomedicine treatment of RSV but also elucidates, to some extent, the compatibility mechanisms of the multicomponents of traditional Chinese medicine.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2373-9878</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2373-9878</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01227</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39324477</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage ; Antiviral Agents - chemistry ; Antiviral Agents - pharmacokinetics ; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology ; Applications and Health ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Glycyrrhizic Acid - chemistry ; Glycyrrhizic Acid - pharmacology ; Humans ; Lung - drug effects ; Lung - pathology ; Lung - virology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nanogels - chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols - pharmacology ; Polyethyleneimine - chemistry ; Polyethyleneimine - pharmacology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - drug therapy ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses - drug effects</subject><ispartof>ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 2024-10, Vol.10 (10), p.6648-6660</ispartof><rights>2024 American Chemical Society</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a233t-d7d53c914a952cff38f8b69343639883f3bb7f69cc9386c6ebd9f075d9b9d61d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8486-9007 ; 0000-0002-7702-5738 ; 0000-0003-0418-5236</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01227$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01227$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,2766,27081,27929,27930,56743,56793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39324477$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Song, Dandan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lu, Chang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, Chenqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Jianjian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Lili</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huizhu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Linwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Zhipeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Rui</creatorcontrib><title>Natural Binary Herbal Small Molecules Self-Assembled Nanogel for Synergistic Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus</title><title>ACS biomaterials science & engineering</title><addtitle>ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng</addtitle><description>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most significant pathogenic infections in childhood, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, there is no effective and safe drug or vaccine available for RSV. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active compound derived from the natural herb licorice, has been reported to provide protection against influenza and coronaviruses, exhibiting notable antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Ephedrine (EPH) is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of cough and asthma, and it also demonstrates certain antiviral effects. In this study, EPH and GA were combined to form an efficient nanomaterial (EPH-GA nanogel). The self-assembly of this nanogel is driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, allowing it to serve as an antiviral nanomedicine without the need for a dual-component carrier, achieving a 100% drug loading efficiency. Oral administration of the EPH-GA nanogel significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of mice and improved lung lesions and tissue infiltration caused by RSV. Notably, we discovered that the assembled drug may create a “physical barrier” that prevents RSV from adsorbing to host cells, while free GA and EPH may compete with RSV for protein binding sites, thereby enhancing cellular uptake of EPH. Consequently, this prevents RSV infection and proliferation within host cells. Furthermore, the EC50 values changed from 310.83 μM for EPH and 262.88 μM for GA to 68.25 μM for the EPH-GA combination, with a combination index of 0.458. In addition, the in vivo biopharmaceutic process of GA and EPH was investigated, revealing that the oral administration of EPH-GA significantly increased the bioavailability of EPH while maintaining its plasma concentration at a relatively stable level. This enhancement may contribute to a synergistic antiviral effect when combined with GA. Furthermore, the in vivo process of EPH-GA demonstrates the advantage of delivering the drug to the lesion at elevated levels, thereby facilitating its antiviral mechanism at the cellular level. In this study, we identified an effective nanomedicine, EPH-GA nanogel, which can inhibit the proliferation of RSV and mitigate lung lesions resulting from viral infection by influencing the biopharmaceutical process in vivo. This research not only offers a novel strategy for the nanomedicine treatment of RSV but also elucidates, to some extent, the compatibility mechanisms of the multicomponents of traditional Chinese medicine.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Applications and Health</subject><subject>Drug Synergism</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glycyrrhizic Acid - chemistry</subject><subject>Glycyrrhizic Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lung - drug effects</subject><subject>Lung - pathology</subject><subject>Lung - virology</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred BALB C</subject><subject>Nanogels - chemistry</subject><subject>Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry</subject><subject>Polyethylene Glycols - pharmacology</subject><subject>Polyethyleneimine - chemistry</subject><subject>Polyethyleneimine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - virology</subject><subject>Respiratory Syncytial Viruses - drug effects</subject><issn>2373-9878</issn><issn>2373-9878</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEFP3DAQhS0EKmjhLxQfuQTsTBLHR0BQkIBK3cI1sp0xNXLixU6Q9t_XaJcKcelpZqT33jx9hBxzdspZyc-USdqFQU0YnfLptDKMl6XYIQclCChkK9rdT_s-OUrphTHGoa2rqvpG9kFCWVVCHJC3BzXNUXl64UYV1_QGo87XclDe0_vg0cweE12it8V5Sjhojz19UGN4Rk9tiHS5HjE-uzQ5Q2_HP067yYWRBkt_YVq5qKaQc7PKrKdclz65OKdDsmdzdTzazgV5vL76fXlT3P38cXt5fleoEmAqetHXYCSvlKxLYy20ttWNhAoakG0LFrQWtpHGSGgb06DupWWi7qWWfcN7WJCTTe4qhtcZ09QNLhn0Xo0Y5tQBZ1KKus5sFkRspCaGlCLabhXdkJl0nHXv3Lsv3Lst9-z8vn0y6wH7f74PylkAG0FO6F7CHMd3-_9i_wKsjpc2</recordid><startdate>20241014</startdate><enddate>20241014</enddate><creator>Song, Dandan</creator><creator>Lu, Chang</creator><creator>Chang, Chenqi</creator><creator>Ji, Jianjian</creator><creator>Lin, Lili</creator><creator>Liu, Yue</creator><creator>Li, Huizhu</creator><creator>Chen, Linwei</creator><creator>Chen, Zhipeng</creator><creator>Chen, Rui</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-9007</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-5738</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-5236</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241014</creationdate><title>Natural Binary Herbal Small Molecules Self-Assembled Nanogel for Synergistic Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus</title><author>Song, Dandan ; Lu, Chang ; Chang, Chenqi ; Ji, Jianjian ; Lin, Lili ; Liu, Yue ; Li, Huizhu ; Chen, Linwei ; Chen, Zhipeng ; Chen, Rui</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a233t-d7d53c914a952cff38f8b69343639883f3bb7f69cc9386c6ebd9f075d9b9d61d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Applications and Health</topic><topic>Drug Synergism</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glycyrrhizic Acid - chemistry</topic><topic>Glycyrrhizic Acid - pharmacology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lung - drug effects</topic><topic>Lung - pathology</topic><topic>Lung - virology</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred BALB C</topic><topic>Nanogels - chemistry</topic><topic>Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry</topic><topic>Polyethylene Glycols - pharmacology</topic><topic>Polyethyleneimine - chemistry</topic><topic>Polyethyleneimine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - drug therapy</topic><topic>Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - virology</topic><topic>Respiratory Syncytial Viruses - drug effects</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Song, Dandan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lu, Chang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, Chenqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Jianjian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Lili</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huizhu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Linwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Zhipeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Rui</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>ACS biomaterials science & engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Song, Dandan</au><au>Lu, Chang</au><au>Chang, Chenqi</au><au>Ji, Jianjian</au><au>Lin, Lili</au><au>Liu, Yue</au><au>Li, Huizhu</au><au>Chen, Linwei</au><au>Chen, Zhipeng</au><au>Chen, Rui</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Natural Binary Herbal Small Molecules Self-Assembled Nanogel for Synergistic Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus</atitle><jtitle>ACS biomaterials science & engineering</jtitle><addtitle>ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng</addtitle><date>2024-10-14</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>6648</spage><epage>6660</epage><pages>6648-6660</pages><issn>2373-9878</issn><eissn>2373-9878</eissn><abstract>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most significant pathogenic infections in childhood, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, there is no effective and safe drug or vaccine available for RSV. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active compound derived from the natural herb licorice, has been reported to provide protection against influenza and coronaviruses, exhibiting notable antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Ephedrine (EPH) is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of cough and asthma, and it also demonstrates certain antiviral effects. In this study, EPH and GA were combined to form an efficient nanomaterial (EPH-GA nanogel). The self-assembly of this nanogel is driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, allowing it to serve as an antiviral nanomedicine without the need for a dual-component carrier, achieving a 100% drug loading efficiency. Oral administration of the EPH-GA nanogel significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of mice and improved lung lesions and tissue infiltration caused by RSV. Notably, we discovered that the assembled drug may create a “physical barrier” that prevents RSV from adsorbing to host cells, while free GA and EPH may compete with RSV for protein binding sites, thereby enhancing cellular uptake of EPH. Consequently, this prevents RSV infection and proliferation within host cells. Furthermore, the EC50 values changed from 310.83 μM for EPH and 262.88 μM for GA to 68.25 μM for the EPH-GA combination, with a combination index of 0.458. In addition, the in vivo biopharmaceutic process of GA and EPH was investigated, revealing that the oral administration of EPH-GA significantly increased the bioavailability of EPH while maintaining its plasma concentration at a relatively stable level. This enhancement may contribute to a synergistic antiviral effect when combined with GA. Furthermore, the in vivo process of EPH-GA demonstrates the advantage of delivering the drug to the lesion at elevated levels, thereby facilitating its antiviral mechanism at the cellular level. In this study, we identified an effective nanomedicine, EPH-GA nanogel, which can inhibit the proliferation of RSV and mitigate lung lesions resulting from viral infection by influencing the biopharmaceutical process in vivo. This research not only offers a novel strategy for the nanomedicine treatment of RSV but also elucidates, to some extent, the compatibility mechanisms of the multicomponents of traditional Chinese medicine.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>39324477</pmid><doi>10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01227</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-9007</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-5738</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-5236</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animals Antiviral Agents - administration & dosage Antiviral Agents - chemistry Antiviral Agents - pharmacokinetics Antiviral Agents - pharmacology Applications and Health Drug Synergism Female Glycyrrhizic Acid - chemistry Glycyrrhizic Acid - pharmacology Humans Lung - drug effects Lung - pathology Lung - virology Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Nanogels - chemistry Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry Polyethylene Glycols - pharmacology Polyethyleneimine - chemistry Polyethyleneimine - pharmacology Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - drug therapy Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - virology Respiratory Syncytial Viruses - drug effects |
title | Natural Binary Herbal Small Molecules Self-Assembled Nanogel for Synergistic Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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