Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion
Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by‐product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | AWWA water science 2024-05, Vol.6 (3), p.n/a |
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| creator | Alexander, Matthew T. Woodruff, Peyton Mistry, Jatin H. Buse, Helen Y. Muhlen, Christy Lytle, Darren A. Pressman, Jonathan G. Wahman, David G. |
| description | Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by‐product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by‐product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by‐product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/aws2.1377 |
| format | Article |
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This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by‐product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by‐product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2577-8161</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2577-8161</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1377</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39296677</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Chlorine ; Contaminants ; Disinfectants ; Disinfection ; disinfection by‐product formation ; Drinking water ; free chlorine conversion ; Hydraulics ; Metal concentrations ; Metals ; Nitrification ; Trihalomethanes ; Water distribution systems ; Water quality ; Water quality control ; water quality monitoring</subject><ispartof>AWWA water science, 2024-05, Vol.6 (3), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>Published 2024. 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This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by‐product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by‐product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics.</description><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>Disinfectants</subject><subject>Disinfection</subject><subject>disinfection by‐product formation</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>free chlorine conversion</subject><subject>Hydraulics</subject><subject>Metal concentrations</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Nitrification</subject><subject>Trihalomethanes</subject><subject>Water distribution systems</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water quality control</subject><subject>water quality monitoring</subject><issn>2577-8161</issn><issn>2577-8161</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10F1LwzAUBuAgihtzF_4BKXijF9vy0TTJ5RjzAwYiKl6GrD3Rjq7dknaj_97sQxHBq5wDz3kJL0KXBA8JxnRktp4OCRPiBHUpF2IgSUJOf80d1Pd-gYMlccypPEcdpqhKEiG66Hm6MUVj6rwqo8pGWe5rl8-b_e5bX8My2poaXLRuTJHXbZQ1Li8_IhNZBxCln0UV9jBU5QacD2cX6MyawkP_-PbQ2930dfIwmD3dP07Gs0FKYyYGQrE4oVKATWAeC5mljFmcYs5TsFRSlSXWcinnLGVcZrG1ShFFwHKgPFOY9dDNIXflqnUDvtbL3KdQFKaEqvGaEZwIFgsiA73-QxdV48rwO82woEksuVJB3R5U6irvHVi9cvnSuFYTrHdV613Veld1sFfHxGa-hOxHfhcbwOgAtnkB7f9Jevz-QveRX8Fph9s</recordid><startdate>202405</startdate><enddate>202405</enddate><creator>Alexander, Matthew T.</creator><creator>Woodruff, Peyton</creator><creator>Mistry, Jatin H.</creator><creator>Buse, Helen Y.</creator><creator>Muhlen, Christy</creator><creator>Lytle, Darren A.</creator><creator>Pressman, Jonathan G.</creator><creator>Wahman, David G.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-6856</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-4541</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-7421</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-8468</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202405</creationdate><title>Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion</title><author>Alexander, Matthew T. ; Woodruff, Peyton ; Mistry, Jatin H. ; Buse, Helen Y. ; Muhlen, Christy ; Lytle, Darren A. ; Pressman, Jonathan G. ; Wahman, David G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2437-79346287ef6eb478dc33f0c055cef2829d6ff588b3c358d4ff99191ef5e25d903</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Contaminants</topic><topic>Disinfectants</topic><topic>Disinfection</topic><topic>disinfection by‐product formation</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>free chlorine conversion</topic><topic>Hydraulics</topic><topic>Metal concentrations</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Nitrification</topic><topic>Trihalomethanes</topic><topic>Water distribution systems</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water quality control</topic><topic>water quality monitoring</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Alexander, Matthew T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woodruff, Peyton</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mistry, Jatin H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buse, Helen Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muhlen, Christy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lytle, Darren A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pressman, Jonathan G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wahman, David G.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>AWWA water science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Alexander, Matthew T.</au><au>Woodruff, Peyton</au><au>Mistry, Jatin H.</au><au>Buse, Helen Y.</au><au>Muhlen, Christy</au><au>Lytle, Darren A.</au><au>Pressman, Jonathan G.</au><au>Wahman, David G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion</atitle><jtitle>AWWA water science</jtitle><addtitle>AWWA Water Sci</addtitle><date>2024-05</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2577-8161</issn><eissn>2577-8161</eissn><abstract>Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by‐product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by‐product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by‐product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. 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| subjects | Chlorine Contaminants Disinfectants Disinfection disinfection by‐product formation Drinking water free chlorine conversion Hydraulics Metal concentrations Metals Nitrification Trihalomethanes Water distribution systems Water quality Water quality control water quality monitoring |
| title | Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion |
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