Viral diseases and the environment relationship

Viral diseases have been present throughout human history, with early examples including influenza (1500 B.C.), smallpox (1000 B.C.), and measles (200 B.C.). The term "virus" was first used in the late 1800s to describe microorganisms smaller than bacteria, and significant milestones include the discovery of the polio virus and the development of its vaccine in the mid-1900s, and the identification of HIV/AIDS in the latter part of the 20th century. The 21st century has seen the emergence of new viral diseases such as West Nile Virus, Zika, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Human activities, including crowding, travel, poor sanitation, and environmental changes like deforestation and climate change, significantly influence the spread of these diseases. Conversely, viral diseases can impact the environment by polluting water resources, contributing to deforestation, and reducing biodiversity. These environmental impacts are exacerbated by disruptions in global supply chains and increased demands for resources. This review highlights the intricate relationship between viral diseases and environmental factors, emphasizing how human activities and viral disease progression influence each other. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to address the environmental determinants of viral diseases and mitigate their impacts on both health and ecosystems. [Display omitted] •Historical Context of Viral Diseases:Earliest viruses: influenza, smallpox, measles. "Virus" coined in 19th century. Key advances: polio, vaccines, HIV/AIDS in 20th century.•Emergence of New Viral Diseases in the 21st Century:Recent viral diseases include West Nile Virus, Zika, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.These diseases underscore the ongoing challenge of emerging viral threats.•Human Activities Influencing Viral Disease Spread:Crowding, travel, poor sanitation, and limited healthcare spread viruses. Deforestation and climate change also increase viral risks.•Impact of Viral Diseases on the Environment:Viral diseases worsen environmental damage via pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and strained global resources and supply chains.•Complex InterrelationshipBetween Viruses and the Environment:Human activities and environmental factors drive viral spread. Understanding this link is key to mitigating impacts on health and environment.