Optical trapping-induced crystallization promoted by gold and silicon nanoparticles

This study investigates the promotion of sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) crystallization through optical trapping, enhanced by the addition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs). Using a focused laser beam at the air–solution interface of a saturated NaClO 3 solution with AuNPs or SiNPs, the aggregates of these particles were formed at the laser focus, the nucleation and growth of metastable NaClO 3 (m-NaClO 3 ) crystals were induced. Continued laser irradiation caused these m-NaClO 3 crystals to undergo repeated cycles of growth and dissolution, eventually transitioning to a stable crystal form. Our comparative analysis showed that AuNPs, due to their significant heating due to higher photon absorption efficiency, caused more pronounced size fluctuations in m-NaClO 3 crystals compared to the stable behavior observed with SiNPs. Interestingly, the maximum diameter of the m-NaClO 3 crystals that appeared during the size fluctuation step was consistent, regardless of nanoparticle type, concentration, or size. The crystallization process was also promoted by using polystyrene nanoparticles, which have minimal heating and electric field enhancement, suggesting that the reduction in activation energy for nucleation at the particle surface is a key factor. These findings provide critical insights into the mechanisms of laser-induced crystallization, emphasizing the roles of plasmonic heating, particle surfaces, and optical forces. Graphical abstract