Charge Transfer Mechanisms of Adaptive Multicomponent Solutions at Solid–Liquid Interfaces for Real-Time Coolant State Monitoring

Charge-transfer mechanisms in adaptive multicomponent solutions at liquid–solid interfaces with triboelectric probes are crucial for understanding chemistry dynamics. However, liquid–solid charge transfer becomes unpredictable, due to the components or interactions in solutions, restricting its potential application for precise monitoring of liquid environments. This study utilizes triboelectric probes to investigate the charge transfer of chemicals, applying this approach to real-time coolant state monitoring. Analysis of electrical signal dynamics induced by ethylene glycol and its oxidation byproduct, oxalic acid, in ethylene glycol solutions reveals that hydrogen bond and ion adsorption diminishes the efficiency of electron transfer at the liquid–solid interface. These findings promote the engineering of the triboelectric probe that enhances coolant quality with remarkable sensitivity (detection limit: 0.0001%) and a broad freezing point operational range (0 to −49 °C). This work advances the precise control of the charge dynamics and demonstrates the potential of triboelectric probes for interdisciplinary applications.