Risk of Clostridioides difficile infection following different antibiotics: insights from multi-source medical data

•This study elucidated the correlation between individual antibiotics and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).•Two methodologies were integrated: network meta-analysis and Food and Drug Adverse Event Reporting System disproportionality analysis.•Cefepime and imipenem lead to more cases of CDI compared with piperacillin/tazobactam.•A trend indicated increased incidence of CDI with imipenem relative to meropenem.•Lincosamides and oral third-generation cephalosporins exhibit higher CDI risk signals. Antibiotic utilization stands as the strongest modifiable determinant for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). However, previous studies have relied on aggregated antibiotic categories, leaving prescribers without detailed comparative risk information for individual antibiotics. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of CDI comprehensively across specific antibiotics. Two methodologies were integrated to access and rank the risk of CDI associated with individual antibiotics or classes. Initially, a network comparison was conducted by analysing data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Subsequently, a real-world disproportionality analysis using the Food and Drug Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database complemented and enriched the findings from RCTs. The network comparison, encompassing 61 RCTs with 25,931 patients, revealed that exposure to cefepime [odds ratio (OR) 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–5.44; P=0.02] and imipenem/cilastatin (OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.61–9.29; P=0.003) exhibited higher frequencies of CDI compared with piperacillin/tazobactam. No significant differences were observed between the carbapenems, albeit a trend indicating higher incidence of CDI with imipenem/cilastatin compared with meropenem (OR 3.89, 95% CI 0.94–16.09). In the FAERS disproportionality analysis, nearly all antibiotics displayed associations with CDI, and CDI risk signals often clustered within the majority of antibiotic classes. Among these, lincomycin demonstrated the strongest association (OR 112.17, 95% CI 51.68–243.43). Additionally, oral third-generation cephalosporins tended to exhibit higher CDI risk signals than other antibiotics. The findings unveiled substantial diversity in the risk of CDI, both within and between antibiotic classes, providing valuable guidance for clinicians in antibiotic prescription decisions and for initiatives aimed at antibiotic stewardship. [Display omitted]