Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial
The majority of Plasmodium spp infections in endemic countries are asymptomatic and a source of onward transmission to mosquitoes. We aimed to examine whether Plasmodium falciparum transmission and malaria burden could be reduced by improving early detection and treatment of infections with active s...
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creator | Collins, Katharine A Ouedraogo, Alphonse Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa Soulama, Issiaka Ouattara, Maurice S Sombie, Salif Ouedraogo, Nicolas Coulibaly, Aboubacar S Nombre, Apollinaire Lanke, Kjerstin Ramjith, Jordache Awandu, Shehu S Serme, Samuel S Henry, Noelie Stone, Will Ouedraogo, Issa N Diarra, Amidou Holden, Tobias M Sirima, Sodiomon B Bradley, John Soremekun, Seyi Selvaraj, Prashanth Gerardin, Jaline Drakeley, Chris Bousema, Teun Tiono, Alfred B |
description | The majority of Plasmodium spp infections in endemic countries are asymptomatic and a source of onward transmission to mosquitoes. We aimed to examine whether Plasmodium falciparum transmission and malaria burden could be reduced by improving early detection and treatment of infections with active screening approaches.
In this 18-month cluster randomised study in Sapone, Burkina Faso, households were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three groups: group 1 (control) received standard of care only, group 2 received active weekly, at home, fever screening by a community health worker regardless of symptoms, participants with a fever received a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment if RDT positive, and group 3 received active weekly fever screening (as in group 2) plus a monthly RDT regardless of symptoms, and treatment if RDT positive. Eligible households had a minimum of three eligible residents, one in each age group (15 years). The primary outcome was parasite prevalence by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the end-of-study cross-sectional survey. Secondary outcomes included parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density in all three end-of-season cross-sectional surveys, incidence of infection, and the transmissibility of infections to mosquitoes. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03705624) and is completed.
A total of 906 individuals from 181 households were enrolled during two phases, and participated in the study. 412 individuals were enrolled between Aug 9 and 17, 2018, and participated in phase 1 and 494 individuals were enrolled between Jan 10 and 31, 2019, in phase 2. In the end-of-study cross-sectional survey (conducted between Jan 13 and 21, 2020), Pfalciparum prevalence by qPCR was significantly lower in group 3 (29·26%; 79 of 270), but not in group 2 (45·66%; 121 of 265), when compared with group 1 (48·72%; 133 of 273; risk ratio 0·65 [95% CI 0·52–0·81]; p=0·0001). Total parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density were also significantly lower in group 3 in all surveys. The largest differences were seen at the end of the dry season, with gametocyte prevalence 78·4% and predicted transmission potential 98·2% lower in group 3 than in group 1.
Active monthly RDT testing and treatment can reduce parasite carriage and the infectious reservoir of P falciparum to less than 2% when used during the dry season. This insight might inform approaches for malaria control and elimination.
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doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00114-9 |
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In this 18-month cluster randomised study in Sapone, Burkina Faso, households were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three groups: group 1 (control) received standard of care only, group 2 received active weekly, at home, fever screening by a community health worker regardless of symptoms, participants with a fever received a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment if RDT positive, and group 3 received active weekly fever screening (as in group 2) plus a monthly RDT regardless of symptoms, and treatment if RDT positive. Eligible households had a minimum of three eligible residents, one in each age group (<5 years, 5–15 years, and >15 years). The primary outcome was parasite prevalence by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the end-of-study cross-sectional survey. Secondary outcomes included parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density in all three end-of-season cross-sectional surveys, incidence of infection, and the transmissibility of infections to mosquitoes. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03705624) and is completed.
A total of 906 individuals from 181 households were enrolled during two phases, and participated in the study. 412 individuals were enrolled between Aug 9 and 17, 2018, and participated in phase 1 and 494 individuals were enrolled between Jan 10 and 31, 2019, in phase 2. In the end-of-study cross-sectional survey (conducted between Jan 13 and 21, 2020), Pfalciparum prevalence by qPCR was significantly lower in group 3 (29·26%; 79 of 270), but not in group 2 (45·66%; 121 of 265), when compared with group 1 (48·72%; 133 of 273; risk ratio 0·65 [95% CI 0·52–0·81]; p=0·0001). Total parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density were also significantly lower in group 3 in all surveys. The largest differences were seen at the end of the dry season, with gametocyte prevalence 78·4% and predicted transmission potential 98·2% lower in group 3 than in group 1.
Active monthly RDT testing and treatment can reduce parasite carriage and the infectious reservoir of P falciparum to less than 2% when used during the dry season. This insight might inform approaches for malaria control and elimination.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, European Research Council, and The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2666-5247</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2666-5247</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00114-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39068937</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antimalarials - therapeutic use ; Burkina Faso - epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Disease Reservoirs - parasitology ; Female ; Fever - epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Malaria, Falciparum - diagnosis ; Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum - transmission ; Male ; Mass Screening - methods ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium falciparum - isolation & purification ; Prevalence ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>The Lancet. Microbe, 2024-09, Vol.5 (9), p.100891, Article 100891</ispartof><rights>2024 The Author(s)</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c243t-acc3b4bcf0f9b1a5fb5592d2e0c04ba1e5ead8790673406037c407454668b6fd3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3520-6637 ; 0000-0003-3051-3600 ; 0000-0003-2666-094X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39068937$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Collins, Katharine A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Alphonse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soulama, Issiaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouattara, Maurice S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sombie, Salif</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coulibaly, Aboubacar S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nombre, Apollinaire</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lanke, Kjerstin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramjith, Jordache</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awandu, Shehu S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Serme, Samuel S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henry, Noelie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Will</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Issa N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diarra, Amidou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holden, Tobias M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sirima, Sodiomon B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradley, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soremekun, Seyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selvaraj, Prashanth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerardin, Jaline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drakeley, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bousema, Teun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tiono, Alfred B</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial</title><title>The Lancet. Microbe</title><addtitle>Lancet Microbe</addtitle><description>The majority of Plasmodium spp infections in endemic countries are asymptomatic and a source of onward transmission to mosquitoes. We aimed to examine whether Plasmodium falciparum transmission and malaria burden could be reduced by improving early detection and treatment of infections with active screening approaches.
In this 18-month cluster randomised study in Sapone, Burkina Faso, households were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three groups: group 1 (control) received standard of care only, group 2 received active weekly, at home, fever screening by a community health worker regardless of symptoms, participants with a fever received a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment if RDT positive, and group 3 received active weekly fever screening (as in group 2) plus a monthly RDT regardless of symptoms, and treatment if RDT positive. Eligible households had a minimum of three eligible residents, one in each age group (<5 years, 5–15 years, and >15 years). The primary outcome was parasite prevalence by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the end-of-study cross-sectional survey. Secondary outcomes included parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density in all three end-of-season cross-sectional surveys, incidence of infection, and the transmissibility of infections to mosquitoes. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03705624) and is completed.
A total of 906 individuals from 181 households were enrolled during two phases, and participated in the study. 412 individuals were enrolled between Aug 9 and 17, 2018, and participated in phase 1 and 494 individuals were enrolled between Jan 10 and 31, 2019, in phase 2. In the end-of-study cross-sectional survey (conducted between Jan 13 and 21, 2020), Pfalciparum prevalence by qPCR was significantly lower in group 3 (29·26%; 79 of 270), but not in group 2 (45·66%; 121 of 265), when compared with group 1 (48·72%; 133 of 273; risk ratio 0·65 [95% CI 0·52–0·81]; p=0·0001). Total parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density were also significantly lower in group 3 in all surveys. The largest differences were seen at the end of the dry season, with gametocyte prevalence 78·4% and predicted transmission potential 98·2% lower in group 3 than in group 1.
Active monthly RDT testing and treatment can reduce parasite carriage and the infectious reservoir of P falciparum to less than 2% when used during the dry season. This insight might inform approaches for malaria control and elimination.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, European Research Council, and The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antimalarials - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Burkina Faso - epidemiology</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diagnostic Tests, Routine</subject><subject>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever - epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - diagnosis</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - transmission</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mass Screening - methods</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Plasmodium falciparum - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>2666-5247</issn><issn>2666-5247</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1TAQhS0EolXpI4C8LIsU_ydhg6C0gFQJCcracpwxNU3si-1c1MfiDevcWyokFqz8o2_OmZmD0HNKTimh6tVXppRqJBPtCRMvCaFUNP0jdPjw_fiv-wE6zvkHIYRJyqiUT9EB74nqet4eot_nzoEtODr8C-BmusUOtpCabBNA8OE7NmHEJYEpM4Sye80xlOtKfnl_hQvk8i8VAy7XgH1YtX1cMk6QIW2jT6vTbCaTvMEbk0z2VaKS-N2Sbnww-MLk-BobbKcll9pJqtJx9hlWA2-mZ-iJM1OG4_vzCH27OL86-9hcfv7w6eztZWOZ4KUx1vJBDNYR1w_USDdI2bORAbFEDIaCBDN2bV1EywVRhLdWkFZIoVQ3KDfyI3Sy192k-HOpY-rahIVpMgHqRJqTTqpOdlxWVO5Rm2LOCZzeJD-bdKsp0WtgeheYXtPQTOhdYLqvdS_uLZZhhvGh6k88FXizB6AOuvWQdLYegoXRp7pZPUb_H4s7xYGo5g</recordid><startdate>202409</startdate><enddate>202409</enddate><creator>Collins, Katharine A</creator><creator>Ouedraogo, Alphonse</creator><creator>Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa</creator><creator>Soulama, Issiaka</creator><creator>Ouattara, Maurice S</creator><creator>Sombie, Salif</creator><creator>Ouedraogo, Nicolas</creator><creator>Coulibaly, Aboubacar S</creator><creator>Nombre, Apollinaire</creator><creator>Lanke, Kjerstin</creator><creator>Ramjith, Jordache</creator><creator>Awandu, Shehu S</creator><creator>Serme, Samuel S</creator><creator>Henry, Noelie</creator><creator>Stone, Will</creator><creator>Ouedraogo, Issa N</creator><creator>Diarra, Amidou</creator><creator>Holden, Tobias M</creator><creator>Sirima, Sodiomon B</creator><creator>Bradley, John</creator><creator>Soremekun, Seyi</creator><creator>Selvaraj, Prashanth</creator><creator>Gerardin, Jaline</creator><creator>Drakeley, Chris</creator><creator>Bousema, Teun</creator><creator>Tiono, Alfred B</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-6637</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-3600</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-094X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202409</creationdate><title>Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial</title><author>Collins, Katharine A ; Ouedraogo, Alphonse ; Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa ; Soulama, Issiaka ; Ouattara, Maurice S ; Sombie, Salif ; Ouedraogo, Nicolas ; Coulibaly, Aboubacar S ; Nombre, Apollinaire ; Lanke, Kjerstin ; Ramjith, Jordache ; Awandu, Shehu S ; Serme, Samuel S ; Henry, Noelie ; Stone, Will ; Ouedraogo, Issa N ; Diarra, Amidou ; Holden, Tobias M ; Sirima, Sodiomon B ; Bradley, John ; Soremekun, Seyi ; Selvaraj, Prashanth ; Gerardin, Jaline ; Drakeley, Chris ; Bousema, Teun ; Tiono, Alfred B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c243t-acc3b4bcf0f9b1a5fb5592d2e0c04ba1e5ead8790673406037c407454668b6fd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antimalarials - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Burkina Faso - epidemiology</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Diagnostic Tests, Routine</topic><topic>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fever - epidemiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - diagnosis</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - transmission</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mass Screening - methods</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Plasmodium falciparum - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Collins, Katharine A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Alphonse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soulama, Issiaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouattara, Maurice S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sombie, Salif</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coulibaly, Aboubacar S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nombre, Apollinaire</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lanke, Kjerstin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramjith, Jordache</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awandu, Shehu S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Serme, Samuel S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henry, Noelie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Will</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ouedraogo, Issa N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diarra, Amidou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holden, Tobias M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sirima, Sodiomon B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradley, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soremekun, Seyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selvaraj, Prashanth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerardin, Jaline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drakeley, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bousema, Teun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tiono, Alfred B</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Lancet. Microbe</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Collins, Katharine A</au><au>Ouedraogo, Alphonse</au><au>Guelbeogo, Wamdaogo Moussa</au><au>Soulama, Issiaka</au><au>Ouattara, Maurice S</au><au>Sombie, Salif</au><au>Ouedraogo, Nicolas</au><au>Coulibaly, Aboubacar S</au><au>Nombre, Apollinaire</au><au>Lanke, Kjerstin</au><au>Ramjith, Jordache</au><au>Awandu, Shehu S</au><au>Serme, Samuel S</au><au>Henry, Noelie</au><au>Stone, Will</au><au>Ouedraogo, Issa N</au><au>Diarra, Amidou</au><au>Holden, Tobias M</au><au>Sirima, Sodiomon B</au><au>Bradley, John</au><au>Soremekun, Seyi</au><au>Selvaraj, Prashanth</au><au>Gerardin, Jaline</au><au>Drakeley, Chris</au><au>Bousema, Teun</au><au>Tiono, Alfred B</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial</atitle><jtitle>The Lancet. Microbe</jtitle><addtitle>Lancet Microbe</addtitle><date>2024-09</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>100891</spage><pages>100891-</pages><artnum>100891</artnum><issn>2666-5247</issn><eissn>2666-5247</eissn><abstract>The majority of Plasmodium spp infections in endemic countries are asymptomatic and a source of onward transmission to mosquitoes. We aimed to examine whether Plasmodium falciparum transmission and malaria burden could be reduced by improving early detection and treatment of infections with active screening approaches.
In this 18-month cluster randomised study in Sapone, Burkina Faso, households were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three groups: group 1 (control) received standard of care only, group 2 received active weekly, at home, fever screening by a community health worker regardless of symptoms, participants with a fever received a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment if RDT positive, and group 3 received active weekly fever screening (as in group 2) plus a monthly RDT regardless of symptoms, and treatment if RDT positive. Eligible households had a minimum of three eligible residents, one in each age group (<5 years, 5–15 years, and >15 years). The primary outcome was parasite prevalence by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the end-of-study cross-sectional survey. Secondary outcomes included parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density in all three end-of-season cross-sectional surveys, incidence of infection, and the transmissibility of infections to mosquitoes. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03705624) and is completed.
A total of 906 individuals from 181 households were enrolled during two phases, and participated in the study. 412 individuals were enrolled between Aug 9 and 17, 2018, and participated in phase 1 and 494 individuals were enrolled between Jan 10 and 31, 2019, in phase 2. In the end-of-study cross-sectional survey (conducted between Jan 13 and 21, 2020), Pfalciparum prevalence by qPCR was significantly lower in group 3 (29·26%; 79 of 270), but not in group 2 (45·66%; 121 of 265), when compared with group 1 (48·72%; 133 of 273; risk ratio 0·65 [95% CI 0·52–0·81]; p=0·0001). Total parasite and gametocyte prevalence and density were also significantly lower in group 3 in all surveys. The largest differences were seen at the end of the dry season, with gametocyte prevalence 78·4% and predicted transmission potential 98·2% lower in group 3 than in group 1.
Active monthly RDT testing and treatment can reduce parasite carriage and the infectious reservoir of P falciparum to less than 2% when used during the dry season. This insight might inform approaches for malaria control and elimination.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, European Research Council, and The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>39068937</pmid><doi>10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00114-9</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-6637</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-3600</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-094X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
subjects | Adolescent Adult Animals Antimalarials - therapeutic use Burkina Faso - epidemiology Child Child, Preschool Cross-Sectional Studies Diagnostic Tests, Routine Disease Reservoirs - parasitology Female Fever - epidemiology Humans Infant Malaria, Falciparum - diagnosis Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology Malaria, Falciparum - transmission Male Mass Screening - methods Middle Aged Plasmodium falciparum - isolation & purification Prevalence Young Adult |
title | Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial |
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