Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports—Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes
ABSTRACT Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated expos...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2024-08, Vol.34 (8), p.e14701-n/a |
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| creator | Doherty, Colin S. Fortington, Lauren V. Barley, Oliver R. |
| description | ABSTRACT
Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine‐specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild–moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5–28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post‐Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post‐Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/sms.14701 |
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Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine‐specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild–moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5–28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post‐Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post‐Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Contingency tables with post‐Sosm (295 mOsm/kg) and post‐USG (1.020) cutoffs revealed an 80% true negative rate (TNR) and a 62% true positive rate (TPR). Increasing the Sosm cutoff to 301 mOsm/kg decreased the TNR to 52% but increased the TPR to 83%. Although blood parameters were most sensitive to BML, they could only explain 11%–22% of biomarker variation. The typical USG cutoff misclassified 42% of athletes postdehydration, and reliability was generally poor‐moderate. Alternative strategies should be pursued to manage rapid BML in combat sports.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0905-7188</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1600-0838</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0838</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/sms.14701</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39049501</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Denmark: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Athletes ; Biomarkers ; Biomarkers - blood ; blood ; Combat sports ; dehydration ; Dehydration - diagnosis ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hydration ; Male ; Martial Arts - physiology ; Osmolar Concentration ; passive heating ; physiology ; reproducibility ; Reproducibility of Results ; Specific Gravity ; Steam Bath ; Sweat - chemistry ; Tears ; urine ; Urine - chemistry ; Weight Loss ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2024-08, Vol.34 (8), p.e14701-n/a</ispartof><rights>2024 The Author(s). published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2024 The Author(s). Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2024. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2781-1dc52cf14037858167f0eb3f9fa6ebf77676bf98e4595dafa1660265aca9e7643</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3589-7490 ; 0000-0002-8543-9818 ; 0000-0003-2760-9249</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fsms.14701$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fsms.14701$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39049501$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Doherty, Colin S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fortington, Lauren V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barley, Oliver R.</creatorcontrib><title>Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports—Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes</title><title>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</title><addtitle>Scand J Med Sci Sports</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine‐specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild–moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5–28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post‐Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post‐Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Contingency tables with post‐Sosm (295 mOsm/kg) and post‐USG (1.020) cutoffs revealed an 80% true negative rate (TNR) and a 62% true positive rate (TPR). Increasing the Sosm cutoff to 301 mOsm/kg decreased the TNR to 52% but increased the TPR to 83%. Although blood parameters were most sensitive to BML, they could only explain 11%–22% of biomarker variation. The typical USG cutoff misclassified 42% of athletes postdehydration, and reliability was generally poor‐moderate. Alternative strategies should be pursued to manage rapid BML in combat sports.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>blood</subject><subject>Combat sports</subject><subject>dehydration</subject><subject>Dehydration - diagnosis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hematocrit</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydration</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Martial Arts - physiology</subject><subject>Osmolar Concentration</subject><subject>passive heating</subject><subject>physiology</subject><subject>reproducibility</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Specific Gravity</subject><subject>Steam Bath</subject><subject>Sweat - chemistry</subject><subject>Tears</subject><subject>urine</subject><subject>Urine - chemistry</subject><subject>Weight Loss</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0905-7188</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUtOwzAQhi0EgvJYcAFkiQ1IBMZN_GJHKx6VilgU1pGT2CWQxMVOqbqDO3BCToLbAgskvLA18qdvZvQjtE_glIRz5mt_ShIOZA11CAOIQMRiHXVAAo04EWILbXv_BEC4TOgm2oolJJIC6aD3XmVtcYJHM63aE6yaAt9r5fw5HtSTqsxVW9rGY2MdvpkXblkGwrdlM8Zlg_u2zlSLRxPrWv_59jFoXhefY7UEeraY41vlPR7acC3svdLWyj1rh_uPqhlrv4s2jKq83vt-d9DD1eV9_yYa3l0P-hfDKO9yQSJS5LSbG5JAzAUVhHEDOouNNIrpzHDOOMuMFDqhkhbKKMIYdBlVuZKasyTeQUcr78TZl2kYMq1Ln-uqUo22U5_GIJIgERQCevgHfbJT14TpAiVDcxJ3aaCOV1TuwnJOm3TiyrDbPCWQLnJJQy7pMpfAHnwbp1mti1_yJ4gAnK2AWVnp-f-mdHQ7Wim_AHZEl_E</recordid><startdate>202408</startdate><enddate>202408</enddate><creator>Doherty, Colin S.</creator><creator>Fortington, Lauren V.</creator><creator>Barley, Oliver R.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-7490</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-9818</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9249</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202408</creationdate><title>Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports—Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes</title><author>Doherty, Colin S. ; Fortington, Lauren V. ; Barley, Oliver R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2781-1dc52cf14037858167f0eb3f9fa6ebf77676bf98e4595dafa1660265aca9e7643</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>Combat sports</topic><topic>dehydration</topic><topic>Dehydration - diagnosis</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hematocrit</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydration</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Martial Arts - physiology</topic><topic>Osmolar Concentration</topic><topic>passive heating</topic><topic>physiology</topic><topic>reproducibility</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Specific Gravity</topic><topic>Steam Bath</topic><topic>Sweat - chemistry</topic><topic>Tears</topic><topic>urine</topic><topic>Urine - chemistry</topic><topic>Weight Loss</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Doherty, Colin S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fortington, Lauren V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barley, Oliver R.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Doherty, Colin S.</au><au>Fortington, Lauren V.</au><au>Barley, Oliver R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports—Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes</atitle><jtitle>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</jtitle><addtitle>Scand J Med Sci Sports</addtitle><date>2024-08</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e14701</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>e14701-n/a</pages><issn>0905-7188</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><eissn>1600-0838</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine‐specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild–moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5–28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post‐Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post‐Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Contingency tables with post‐Sosm (295 mOsm/kg) and post‐USG (1.020) cutoffs revealed an 80% true negative rate (TNR) and a 62% true positive rate (TPR). Increasing the Sosm cutoff to 301 mOsm/kg decreased the TNR to 52% but increased the TPR to 83%. Although blood parameters were most sensitive to BML, they could only explain 11%–22% of biomarker variation. The typical USG cutoff misclassified 42% of athletes postdehydration, and reliability was generally poor‐moderate. Alternative strategies should be pursued to manage rapid BML in combat sports.</abstract><cop>Denmark</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>39049501</pmid><doi>10.1111/sms.14701</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-7490</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-9818</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9249</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Athletes Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood blood Combat sports dehydration Dehydration - diagnosis Female Hematocrit Humans Hydration Male Martial Arts - physiology Osmolar Concentration passive heating physiology reproducibility Reproducibility of Results Specific Gravity Steam Bath Sweat - chemistry Tears urine Urine - chemistry Weight Loss Young Adult |
| title | Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Implications for Hydration Testing in Combat Sports—Investigating Body Mass Loss and Biomarker Changes |
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