The implicated role of GDF15 in gastrointestinal cancer

Background Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress‐responsive cytokine from transforming growth factor superfamily, is highly expressed in mammalian tissues, including pancreas, stomach and intestine under pathological conditions. In particular, elevated levels of GDF15 might play an important role in the development and progression of various gastrointestinal cancers (GCs), suggesting its potential as a promising target for disease prediction and treatment. Methods In this review, systematic reviews addressing the role of GDF15 in GCs were updated, along with the latest clinical trials focussing on the GDF15‐associated digestive malignancies. Results The multiple cellular pathways through which GDF15 is involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological conditions were first summarized. Then, GDF15 was also established as a valuable clinical index, functioning as a predictive marker in diverse GCs. Notably, latest clinical treatments targeting GDF15 were also highlighted, demonstrating its promising potential in mitigating and curing digestive malignancies. Conclusions This review unveils the pivotal roles of GDF15 and its potential as a promising target in the pathogenesis of GCs, which may provide insightful directions for future investigations. Various mammalian tissues have the ability to produce growth differentiation factor 15, potentially heightening the risk of gastrointestinal cancers such as liver cancers, pancreatic cancers, gastric cancers, colorectal cancers and oesophageal cancers. To this end, in recent clinical treatments, antibodies targeting GDF15 for neutralization have been developed, offering promising prospects for mitigating and treating malignancies.