The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study
Socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment may partly act through structural brain damage and reduced connectivity. This study investigated the extent to which the association of early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) with later-life cognitive functioning is mediated by later-life SEP, and...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Social science & medicine (1982) 2024-08, Vol.355, p.117111, Article 117111 |
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| creator | Geraets, Anouk F.J. Schram, Miranda T. Jansen, Jacobus F.A. Köhler, Sebastian van Boxtel, Martin P.J. Eussen, Simone J.P.M. Koster, Annemarie Stehouwer, Coen D.A. Bosma, Hans Leist, Anja K. |
| description | Socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment may partly act through structural brain damage and reduced connectivity. This study investigated the extent to which the association of early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) with later-life cognitive functioning is mediated by later-life SEP, and whether the associations of SEP with later-life cognitive functioning can be explained by structural brain damage and connectivity.
We used cross-sectional data from the Dutch population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4,839; mean age 59.2 ± 8.7 years, 49.8% women). Early-life SEP was assessed by self-reported poverty during childhood and parental education. Later-life SEP included education, occupation, and current household income. Participants underwent cognitive testing and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure volumes of white matter hyperintensities, grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural connectivity. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations between SEP, markers of structural brain damage and connectivity, and cognitive functioning. Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling.
Although there were direct associations between both indicators of SEP and later-life cognitive functioning, a large part of the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognitive functioning was explained by later-life SEP (72.2%). The extent to which structural brain damage or connectivity acted as mediators between SEP and cognitive functioning was small (up to 5.9%).
We observed substantial SEP differences in later-life cognitive functioning. Associations of structural brain damage and connectivity with cognitive functioning were relatively small, and only marginally explained the SEP gradients in cognitive functioning.
•Early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP mediated 72.2% of the association of early-life SEP with cognition.•Mediation by structural brain damage or connectivity was small (up to 5.9%). |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117111 |
| format | Article |
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We used cross-sectional data from the Dutch population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4,839; mean age 59.2 ± 8.7 years, 49.8% women). Early-life SEP was assessed by self-reported poverty during childhood and parental education. Later-life SEP included education, occupation, and current household income. Participants underwent cognitive testing and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure volumes of white matter hyperintensities, grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural connectivity. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations between SEP, markers of structural brain damage and connectivity, and cognitive functioning. Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling.
Although there were direct associations between both indicators of SEP and later-life cognitive functioning, a large part of the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognitive functioning was explained by later-life SEP (72.2%). The extent to which structural brain damage or connectivity acted as mediators between SEP and cognitive functioning was small (up to 5.9%).
We observed substantial SEP differences in later-life cognitive functioning. Associations of structural brain damage and connectivity with cognitive functioning were relatively small, and only marginally explained the SEP gradients in cognitive functioning.
•Early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP mediated 72.2% of the association of early-life SEP with cognition.•Mediation by structural brain damage or connectivity was small (up to 5.9%).</description><identifier>ISSN: 0277-9536</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1873-5347</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-5347</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117111</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39018997</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Aged ; Brain - diagnostic imaging ; Brain Injuries - complications ; Brain Injuries - psychology ; Cognition - physiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Netherlands ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors</subject><ispartof>Social science & medicine (1982), 2024-08, Vol.355, p.117111, Article 117111</ispartof><rights>2024 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c247t-674f4f841e68250005c54e0cabec54ef4d2fb44ae73d09cb55f93a4415790fd53</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2648-4424 ; 0000-0003-1583-7391 ; 0000-0002-5074-5209 ; 0000-0002-5271-8060 ; 0000-0003-4333-4564 ; 0000-0003-0559-6838 ; 0000-0001-8113-7604</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117111$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39018997$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Geraets, Anouk F.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schram, Miranda T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jansen, Jacobus F.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Köhler, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Boxtel, Martin P.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eussen, Simone J.P.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koster, Annemarie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stehouwer, Coen D.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bosma, Hans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leist, Anja K.</creatorcontrib><title>The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study</title><title>Social science & medicine (1982)</title><addtitle>Soc Sci Med</addtitle><description>Socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment may partly act through structural brain damage and reduced connectivity. This study investigated the extent to which the association of early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) with later-life cognitive functioning is mediated by later-life SEP, and whether the associations of SEP with later-life cognitive functioning can be explained by structural brain damage and connectivity.
We used cross-sectional data from the Dutch population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4,839; mean age 59.2 ± 8.7 years, 49.8% women). Early-life SEP was assessed by self-reported poverty during childhood and parental education. Later-life SEP included education, occupation, and current household income. Participants underwent cognitive testing and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure volumes of white matter hyperintensities, grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural connectivity. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations between SEP, markers of structural brain damage and connectivity, and cognitive functioning. Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling.
Although there were direct associations between both indicators of SEP and later-life cognitive functioning, a large part of the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognitive functioning was explained by later-life SEP (72.2%). The extent to which structural brain damage or connectivity acted as mediators between SEP and cognitive functioning was small (up to 5.9%).
We observed substantial SEP differences in later-life cognitive functioning. Associations of structural brain damage and connectivity with cognitive functioning were relatively small, and only marginally explained the SEP gradients in cognitive functioning.
•Early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP mediated 72.2% of the association of early-life SEP with cognition.•Mediation by structural brain damage or connectivity was small (up to 5.9%).</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Brain - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Brain Injuries - complications</subject><subject>Brain Injuries - psychology</subject><subject>Cognition - physiology</subject><subject>Cognitive Dysfunction</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Netherlands</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><issn>0277-9536</issn><issn>1873-5347</issn><issn>1873-5347</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1uGyEUhVHVqnGSvkLLsptxYQAz010UpT9SqiyarBEDFxvLAy4wjvwGfewwstNtV_zcc76rew9CnyhZUkJXX7bLHE02fgS7bEnLl5RKSukbtKCdZI1gXL5FC9JK2fSCrS7QZc5bQgglHXuPLlhPaNf3coH-Pm4A61xpXhcfQ8bR4fkVwcQQR2_wPmY_l_CzLxucS5pMmZLe4SFpH7DVo15XRrC4OgKY4g--HM8f61C9B8BuCmaG-LD-iueev7SuKG82Bf8ukz1eo3dO7zJ8OJ9X6Onb3ePtj-b-4fvP25v7xrRclmYlueOu4xRWXSvqRMIIDsToAeaL47Z1A-caJLOkN4MQrmeacypkT5wV7Ap9PnH3Kf6ZIBc1-mxgt9MB4pQVI13LiJCMV6k8SU2KOSdwap_8qNNRUaLmGNRW_YtBzTGoUwzV-fHcZBrm2qvvde9VcHMSQB314CGpSoFgwPpUN6hs9P9t8gJO1qDE</recordid><startdate>202408</startdate><enddate>202408</enddate><creator>Geraets, Anouk F.J.</creator><creator>Schram, Miranda T.</creator><creator>Jansen, Jacobus F.A.</creator><creator>Köhler, Sebastian</creator><creator>van Boxtel, Martin P.J.</creator><creator>Eussen, Simone J.P.M.</creator><creator>Koster, Annemarie</creator><creator>Stehouwer, Coen D.A.</creator><creator>Bosma, Hans</creator><creator>Leist, Anja K.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-4424</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-7391</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-5209</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-8060</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-4564</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-6838</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-7604</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202408</creationdate><title>The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study</title><author>Geraets, Anouk F.J. ; Schram, Miranda T. ; Jansen, Jacobus F.A. ; Köhler, Sebastian ; van Boxtel, Martin P.J. ; Eussen, Simone J.P.M. ; Koster, Annemarie ; Stehouwer, Coen D.A. ; Bosma, Hans ; Leist, Anja K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c247t-674f4f841e68250005c54e0cabec54ef4d2fb44ae73d09cb55f93a4415790fd53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Brain - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Brain Injuries - complications</topic><topic>Brain Injuries - psychology</topic><topic>Cognition - physiology</topic><topic>Cognitive Dysfunction</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Netherlands</topic><topic>Social Class</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Geraets, Anouk F.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schram, Miranda T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jansen, Jacobus F.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Köhler, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Boxtel, Martin P.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eussen, Simone J.P.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koster, Annemarie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stehouwer, Coen D.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bosma, Hans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leist, Anja K.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Social science & medicine (1982)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Geraets, Anouk F.J.</au><au>Schram, Miranda T.</au><au>Jansen, Jacobus F.A.</au><au>Köhler, Sebastian</au><au>van Boxtel, Martin P.J.</au><au>Eussen, Simone J.P.M.</au><au>Koster, Annemarie</au><au>Stehouwer, Coen D.A.</au><au>Bosma, Hans</au><au>Leist, Anja K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study</atitle><jtitle>Social science & medicine (1982)</jtitle><addtitle>Soc Sci Med</addtitle><date>2024-08</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>355</volume><spage>117111</spage><pages>117111-</pages><artnum>117111</artnum><issn>0277-9536</issn><issn>1873-5347</issn><eissn>1873-5347</eissn><abstract>Socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment may partly act through structural brain damage and reduced connectivity. This study investigated the extent to which the association of early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) with later-life cognitive functioning is mediated by later-life SEP, and whether the associations of SEP with later-life cognitive functioning can be explained by structural brain damage and connectivity.
We used cross-sectional data from the Dutch population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4,839; mean age 59.2 ± 8.7 years, 49.8% women). Early-life SEP was assessed by self-reported poverty during childhood and parental education. Later-life SEP included education, occupation, and current household income. Participants underwent cognitive testing and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure volumes of white matter hyperintensities, grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural connectivity. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations between SEP, markers of structural brain damage and connectivity, and cognitive functioning. Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling.
Although there were direct associations between both indicators of SEP and later-life cognitive functioning, a large part of the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognitive functioning was explained by later-life SEP (72.2%). The extent to which structural brain damage or connectivity acted as mediators between SEP and cognitive functioning was small (up to 5.9%).
We observed substantial SEP differences in later-life cognitive functioning. Associations of structural brain damage and connectivity with cognitive functioning were relatively small, and only marginally explained the SEP gradients in cognitive functioning.
•Early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP was associated with later-life cognition.•Later-life SEP mediated 72.2% of the association of early-life SEP with cognition.•Mediation by structural brain damage or connectivity was small (up to 5.9%).</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>39018997</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117111</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-4424</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-7391</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-5209</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-8060</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-4564</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-6838</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-7604</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aged Brain - diagnostic imaging Brain Injuries - complications Brain Injuries - psychology Cognition - physiology Cognitive Dysfunction Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Middle Aged Netherlands Social Class Socioeconomic Factors |
| title | The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study |
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