A temperature-resilient anammox process for efficient treatment of rare earth element tailings wastewater via synergistic nitrite supply of partial nitritation and partial denitrification

[Display omitted] •Synergistic nitrite supply enhances temperature resilience of anammox system.•An NRR of 0.12 kgN/m3·d-1 and an NRE of 92.5 % were achieved at 10.6 °C.•Stable PD (NAR ≥ 90 %) results in the CNR of anammox reaching at 97.8 %.•Nitrosomonas, Thauera, and Candidatus_Kuenenia are the predominant genera responsible for nitrite supply and nitrogen removal. Rare earth elements result in substantial tailings wastewater with high ammonium and nitrate during extraction. In this study, a temperature-resilient Anammox process was employed for efficient treatment of rare earth element tailings wastewater through implementing synergistic nitrite supply by partial nitritation (PN) and partial denitrification (PD). Enhancing temperature resilience of Anammox process relies on dynamic management of DO and COD inputs to shift the dominant nitrite supplier from PN to PD, stable PD (NAR ≥ 90 %) can boost nitrogen removal by Anammox to 97.8 %. The nitrogen removal rate and nitrogen removal efficiency at 10.6 °C could maintain at 0.12 kgN/m3·d-1 and 92.5 %, respectively. Microbial analysis reveals that Nitrosomonas, Thauera, and Candidatus_Kuenenia are the predominant genera responsible for nitrite supply and nitrogen removal, localized within the gas channels of granules, flocs, and micro-granules, respectively. Keeping the influent C/NO3–−N ratio below 1.7 is ideal to prevent overgrowth of Thauera and maintain system stability.