Differential decline of SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibody levels, innate and adaptive immune cells, and shift of Th1/inflammatory to Th2 serum cytokine levels long after first COVID‐19

Background SARS‐CoV‐2 has triggered a pandemic and contributes to long‐lasting morbidity. Several studies have investigated immediate cellular and humoral immune responses during acute infection. However, little is known about long‐term effects of COVID‐19 on the immune system. Methods We performed...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Allergy (Copenhagen) 2024-09, Vol.79 (9), p.2482-2501
Hauptverfasser:	Kratzer, Bernhard, Gattinger, Pia, Trapin, Doris, Ettel, Paul, Körmöczi, Ulrike, Rottal, Arno, Stieger, Robert B., Sehgal, Al Nasar Ahmed, Feichter, Melanie, Borochova, Kristina, Tulaeva, Inna, Grabmeier‐Pfistershammer, Katharina, Tauber, Peter A., Perkmann, Thomas, Fae, Ingrid, Wenda, Sabine, Kundi, Michael, Fischer, Gottfried F., Valenta, Rudolf, Pickl, Winfried F.
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Adaptive Immunity - immunology Adult Aged Antibodies Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology Blood flow CD19 antigen CD19+CD27+ B memory cells CD27 antigen CD3 antigen CD45RA antigen CD56 antigen Complications Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins - immunology COVID-19 COVID-19 - blood COVID-19 - immunology Cytokines Cytokines - blood Effector cells Female Flow cytometry Humans Immune response (humoral) Immunity, Innate Immunoglobulin D Immunological memory Infections L-selectin Leukocytes (granulocytic) leukopenia Longitudinal Studies long‐term effect Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes T Male Memory cells Middle Aged Monocytes Morbidity Natural killer cells Nucleocapsids recent thymic emigrants SARS-CoV-2 - immunology SARS‐CoV‐2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 specific antibody decline Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology Th1 Cells - immunology Th1 Cells - metabolism Th1/Th2 cytokine shift Th2 Cells - immunology Thymus Vaccination
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