Improving Social and Personal Rhythm Dysregulation in Young and Old Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial Using Virtual Reality-Based Intervention

Rehabilitative interventions employing technology play a crucial role in bipolar disorder (BD) treatment. The study aims to appraise the virtual reality (VR)-based cognitive remediation (CR) and the interpersonal rhythm approaches to treatment outcomes of BD across different age groups. Post-hoc analysis of a 12-week randomizedcontrolled cross-over feasibility trial involving people with mood disorders (BD, DSM-IV) aged 18-75 years old: thirty-nine exposed to the experimental VR-based CR vs 25 waiting list controls. People with BD relapse, epilepsy or severe eye diseases (due to the potential VR risks exposure) were excluded. Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) was used to measure the outcome. Cases and controls did not statistically significantly differ in age and sex distributions. Personal rhythm scores improved over the study follow-up in the experimental vs the control group (APC = 8.7%; F = 111.9; < 0.0001), both in young (18-45 years) (APC = 5.5%; F = 70.46; < 0.0001) and, to a lesser extent, older (>46 years) adults (APC = 10.5%; F = 12.110; = 0.002). This study observed improved synchronization of personal and social rhythms in individuals with BD after a virtual reality cognitive remediation intervention, particularly in social activity, daily activities, and chronotype, with greater benefits in the younger population.