Study on the Tribological Properties of DIN 16MnCr5 Steel after Duplex Gas-Nitriding and Pack Boriding
DIN 16MnCr5 is commonly used in mechanical engineering contact applications such as gears, joint parts, shafts, gear wheels, camshafts, bolts, pins, and cardan joints, among others. This study examined the microstructural and mechanical properties and tribological behavior of different surface treat...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Materials 2024-06, Vol.17 (13), p.3057 |
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| creator | Carrera Espinoza, Rafael Alvarez Vera, Melvyn Wettlaufer, Marc Kerl, Manuel Barth, Stefan Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos Hernández García, Héctor Manuel Muñoz Arroyo, Rita Ortega, Javier A |
| description | DIN 16MnCr5 is commonly used in mechanical engineering contact applications such as gears, joint parts, shafts, gear wheels, camshafts, bolts, pins, and cardan joints, among others. This study examined the microstructural and mechanical properties and tribological behavior of different surface treatments applied to DIN 16MnCr5 steel. The samples were hardened at 870 °C for 15 min and then quenched in water. The surface conditions evaluated were as follows: quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples without surface treatments (control group), quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with gas-nitriding at 560 °C for 6 h, quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with pack boriding at 950 °C for 4 h, and quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding. Microstructure characterization was carried out using metallographic techniques, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were assessed through microhardness and elastic modulus tests using nanoindentation. The tribological behavior was evaluated using pin-on-disc tests following the ASTM G99-17 standard procedure under dry sliding conditions. The results indicated that the surface treated with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding exhibited the highest wear resistance and a reduced coefficient of friction due to improved mechanical properties, leading to increased hardness and elastic modulus. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ma17133057 |
| format | Article |
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This study examined the microstructural and mechanical properties and tribological behavior of different surface treatments applied to DIN 16MnCr5 steel. The samples were hardened at 870 °C for 15 min and then quenched in water. The surface conditions evaluated were as follows: quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples without surface treatments (control group), quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with gas-nitriding at 560 °C for 6 h, quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with pack boriding at 950 °C for 4 h, and quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding. Microstructure characterization was carried out using metallographic techniques, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were assessed through microhardness and elastic modulus tests using nanoindentation. The tribological behavior was evaluated using pin-on-disc tests following the ASTM G99-17 standard procedure under dry sliding conditions. The results indicated that the surface treated with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding exhibited the highest wear resistance and a reduced coefficient of friction due to improved mechanical properties, leading to increased hardness and elastic modulus.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma17133057</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38998140</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Ammonia ; Bolted joints ; Boriding ; Chromium manganese steels ; Coefficient of friction ; Elastic properties ; Evaluation ; Friction resistance ; Gases ; Mechanical engineering ; Mechanical properties ; Microhardness ; Microstructure ; Modulus of elasticity ; Nanoindentation ; Nitriding ; Optical microscopy ; Optical properties ; Quenching and tempering ; Salt ; Steel ; Surface treatment ; Tribology ; Wear resistance</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2024-06, Vol.17 (13), p.3057</ispartof><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c240t-2bf1d2886838b2942a60d087643102d714a2742d26b9451e8a56bb3a15db8eae3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8159-2305 ; 0000-0001-7438-8536 ; 0000-0001-5690-1746 ; 0009-0007-1707-1701 ; 0000-0002-2737-0955 ; 0000-0002-6411-7481</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38998140$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Carrera Espinoza, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez Vera, Melvyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wettlaufer, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerl, Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barth, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández García, Héctor Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muñoz Arroyo, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortega, Javier A</creatorcontrib><title>Study on the Tribological Properties of DIN 16MnCr5 Steel after Duplex Gas-Nitriding and Pack Boriding</title><title>Materials</title><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><description>DIN 16MnCr5 is commonly used in mechanical engineering contact applications such as gears, joint parts, shafts, gear wheels, camshafts, bolts, pins, and cardan joints, among others. This study examined the microstructural and mechanical properties and tribological behavior of different surface treatments applied to DIN 16MnCr5 steel. The samples were hardened at 870 °C for 15 min and then quenched in water. The surface conditions evaluated were as follows: quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples without surface treatments (control group), quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with gas-nitriding at 560 °C for 6 h, quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with pack boriding at 950 °C for 4 h, and quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding. Microstructure characterization was carried out using metallographic techniques, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were assessed through microhardness and elastic modulus tests using nanoindentation. The tribological behavior was evaluated using pin-on-disc tests following the ASTM G99-17 standard procedure under dry sliding conditions. The results indicated that the surface treated with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding exhibited the highest wear resistance and a reduced coefficient of friction due to improved mechanical properties, leading to increased hardness and elastic modulus.</description><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Bolted joints</subject><subject>Boriding</subject><subject>Chromium manganese steels</subject><subject>Coefficient of friction</subject><subject>Elastic properties</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Friction resistance</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Mechanical engineering</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Microhardness</subject><subject>Microstructure</subject><subject>Modulus of elasticity</subject><subject>Nanoindentation</subject><subject>Nitriding</subject><subject>Optical microscopy</subject><subject>Optical properties</subject><subject>Quenching and tempering</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Steel</subject><subject>Surface treatment</subject><subject>Tribology</subject><subject>Wear resistance</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV1LwzAUhoMobszd-AMk4I0I1Xy1TS510zmYc7B5XdImnZ1tU5MU3L-3uvmB5-YcDg8Ph_MCcIrRFaUCXVcSx5hSFMYHoI-FiAIsGDv8M_fA0LkN6opSzIk4Bj3KheCYoT7Il75VW2hq6F80XNkiNaVZF5ks4cKaRltfaAdNDsfTOcTRYz2yIVx6rUsoc68tHLdNqd_hRLpgXnhbqKJeQ1kruJDZK7w1u80JOMpl6fRw3wfg-f5uNXoIZk-T6ehmFmSEIR-QNMeKcB5xylMiGJERUojHEaMYERVjJknMiCJRKliINZdhlKZU4lClXEtNB-Bi522seWu180lVuEyXpay1aV1CUSx4GAkRd-j5P3RjWlt3131RtPOHpKMud1RmjXNW50lji0rabYJR8hlA8htAB5_tlW1aafWDfr-bfgDruH0b</recordid><startdate>20240621</startdate><enddate>20240621</enddate><creator>Carrera Espinoza, Rafael</creator><creator>Alvarez Vera, Melvyn</creator><creator>Wettlaufer, Marc</creator><creator>Kerl, Manuel</creator><creator>Barth, Stefan</creator><creator>Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo</creator><creator>Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos</creator><creator>Hernández García, Héctor Manuel</creator><creator>Muñoz Arroyo, Rita</creator><creator>Ortega, Javier A</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-2305</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7438-8536</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-1746</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1707-1701</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-0955</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-7481</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240621</creationdate><title>Study on the Tribological Properties of DIN 16MnCr5 Steel after Duplex Gas-Nitriding and Pack Boriding</title><author>Carrera Espinoza, Rafael ; Alvarez Vera, Melvyn ; Wettlaufer, Marc ; Kerl, Manuel ; Barth, Stefan ; Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo ; Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos ; Hernández García, Héctor Manuel ; Muñoz Arroyo, Rita ; Ortega, Javier A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c240t-2bf1d2886838b2942a60d087643102d714a2742d26b9451e8a56bb3a15db8eae3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Bolted joints</topic><topic>Boriding</topic><topic>Chromium manganese steels</topic><topic>Coefficient of friction</topic><topic>Elastic properties</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Friction resistance</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Mechanical engineering</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Microhardness</topic><topic>Microstructure</topic><topic>Modulus of elasticity</topic><topic>Nanoindentation</topic><topic>Nitriding</topic><topic>Optical microscopy</topic><topic>Optical properties</topic><topic>Quenching and tempering</topic><topic>Salt</topic><topic>Steel</topic><topic>Surface treatment</topic><topic>Tribology</topic><topic>Wear resistance</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Carrera Espinoza, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez Vera, Melvyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wettlaufer, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerl, Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barth, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández García, Héctor Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muñoz Arroyo, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortega, Javier A</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Carrera Espinoza, Rafael</au><au>Alvarez Vera, Melvyn</au><au>Wettlaufer, Marc</au><au>Kerl, Manuel</au><au>Barth, Stefan</au><au>Moreno Garibaldi, Pablo</au><au>Díaz Guillen, Juan Carlos</au><au>Hernández García, Héctor Manuel</au><au>Muñoz Arroyo, Rita</au><au>Ortega, Javier A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Study on the Tribological Properties of DIN 16MnCr5 Steel after Duplex Gas-Nitriding and Pack Boriding</atitle><jtitle>Materials</jtitle><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><date>2024-06-21</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>13</issue><spage>3057</spage><pages>3057-</pages><issn>1996-1944</issn><eissn>1996-1944</eissn><abstract>DIN 16MnCr5 is commonly used in mechanical engineering contact applications such as gears, joint parts, shafts, gear wheels, camshafts, bolts, pins, and cardan joints, among others. This study examined the microstructural and mechanical properties and tribological behavior of different surface treatments applied to DIN 16MnCr5 steel. The samples were hardened at 870 °C for 15 min and then quenched in water. The surface conditions evaluated were as follows: quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples without surface treatments (control group), quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with gas-nitriding at 560 °C for 6 h, quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with pack boriding at 950 °C for 4 h, and quenched and tempered DIN 16MnCr5 steel samples with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding. Microstructure characterization was carried out using metallographic techniques, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were assessed through microhardness and elastic modulus tests using nanoindentation. The tribological behavior was evaluated using pin-on-disc tests following the ASTM G99-17 standard procedure under dry sliding conditions. The results indicated that the surface treated with duplex gas-nitriding and pack boriding exhibited the highest wear resistance and a reduced coefficient of friction due to improved mechanical properties, leading to increased hardness and elastic modulus.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>38998140</pmid><doi>10.3390/ma17133057</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-2305</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7438-8536</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-1746</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1707-1701</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-0955</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-7481</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Ammonia Bolted joints Boriding Chromium manganese steels Coefficient of friction Elastic properties Evaluation Friction resistance Gases Mechanical engineering Mechanical properties Microhardness Microstructure Modulus of elasticity Nanoindentation Nitriding Optical microscopy Optical properties Quenching and tempering Salt Steel Surface treatment Tribology Wear resistance |
| title | Study on the Tribological Properties of DIN 16MnCr5 Steel after Duplex Gas-Nitriding and Pack Boriding |
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