A triple growth factor strategy for optimizing bone augmentation in mice

With dental implant treatment becoming the gold standard, the need for effective bone augmentation prior to implantation has grown. This study aims to evaluate a bone augmentation strategy integrating three key growth factors: bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Collagen scaffolds incorporating BMP‐2, IGF‐1, or VEGF were fabricated and categorized into five groups based on their content: scaffold alone; BMP‐2 alone (BMP‐2); BMP‐2 and IGF‐1 (BI); BMP‐2, IGF‐1, and VEGF (BIV); and BMP‐2 and IGF‐1 with an earlier release of VEGF (BI + V). The prepared scaffolds were surgically implanted into the calvarias of C57BL/6JJcl mice, and hard tissue formation was assessed after 10 and 28 days through histological, tomographic, and biochemical analyses. The combination of BMP‐2 and IGF‐1 induced a greater volume of hard tissue augmentation compared with that of BMP‐2 alone, regardless of VEGF supplementation, and these groups had increased levels of cartilage compared with others. The volume of hard tissue formation was greatest in the BIV group. In contrast, the BI + V group exhibited a hard tissue volume similar to that of the BI group. While VEGF and CD31 levels were highest in the BIV group at 10 days, there was no correlation at the same time point between hard tissue formation and the quantity of M2 macrophages. In conclusion, the simultaneous release of BMP‐2, IGF‐1, and VEGF proved to be effective in promoting bone augmentation.