Inconsistency of in vitro exsheathment triggers for gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep, cattle and deer

Exsheathment is crucial in the transition from free-living to parasitic phase for most strongyle nematode species. A greater understanding of this process could help in developing new parasitic control methods. This study aimed to identify commonalities in response to exsheathment triggers (heat acclimation, CO 2 and pH) in a wide range of species ( Haemonchus contortus , Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Chabertia ovina , and members of the subfamily Ostertagiinae) from sheep, cattle and farmed deer. The initial expectation of similarity in pH requirements amongst species residing within the same organ was not supported, with unexpected pH preferences for exsheathment of Trichostrongylus axei , Trichostrongylus vitrinus , Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Cooperia oncophora. We also found differences between species in their response to temperature acclimation, with higher exsheathment in response to heat shock observed for H. contortus , Ostertagia ostertagi , T. axei , T. vitrinus and Oesophagostomum sikae . Furthermore, some species showed poor exsheathment under all experimental conditions, such as Cooperia curticei and the large intestinal nematodes C. ovina and Oesophagostomum venulosum . Interestingly, there were some significant differences in response depending on the host from which the parasites were derived. The host species significantly impacted on the exsheathment response for H. contortus , Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. vitrinus and T. colubriformis . Overall, the data showed variability between nematode species in their response to these in vitro exsheathment triggers, highlighting the complexity of finding a common set of conditions for all species in order to develop a control method based on triggering the exsheathment process prematurely.