Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach
We used an Intervention Mapping Approach (IMA) to derive multi-level HIV prevention strategies aiming to develop an HIV prevention intervention program among female sex workers (FSWs). We also aimed at pilot testing the effects of the IMA-based “HIV Prevention and Awareness Program (HIV-PAP)” on saf...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Archives of sexual behavior 2024-07, Vol.53 (7), p.2833-2850 |
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| creator | Javadivala, Zeinab Najafi, Athareh Shirzadi, Shayesteh Najafi, Sarisa Nadrian, Haidar Mansuri, Parvin Pirehbabi, Kamyar Fathi, Behrouz Bhalla, Devender |
| description | We used an Intervention Mapping Approach (IMA) to derive multi-level HIV prevention strategies aiming to develop an HIV prevention intervention program among female sex workers (FSWs). We also aimed at pilot testing the effects of the IMA-based “HIV Prevention and Awareness Program (HIV-PAP)” on safe sex behaviors and its determinants among FSWs in Tabriz, Iran. To develop HIV-PAP, we conducted the six-step process of IMA. At Step 1, in a cross-sectional study, 140 FSWs were face-to-face interviewed. At Step 2, the program matrix was provided based on the importance and variability for identifying priority factors. At Steps 3 and 4, the methods and strategies for behavioral change were selected, and the HIV-PAP program components and materials were developed. At Steps 5 and 6, evaluation (as a pilot testing with Static-Group Comparison design) was conducted applying a pre-experimental study, in which 30 FSWs were assigned to intervention (
n
= 15) and control (
n
= 15) groups. The intervention group participated in a two-month long program, and one month later, the initial questionnaires were completed by both groups. The respondents (M age: 33.4 years, SD: 9.7) acquired low score (less than 50%) in negotiating for condom use (49.8%) only, and moderate scores (50–65%) in perceived social support (61.6%) and knowledge (60.5%). Adjusted for other variables, the factors (
R
2
= 32.0%) associated with safe sex behaviors among FSWs were predisposing factors [self-efficacy (
β
= 0.331), perceived norms (β = 0.945), and perceived barriers (β = 0.258)], condom use negotiation (β = 1.386), and environmental factors (β = 0.333). Our IM-based framework had an adequate fit index (χ
2
= 130.8, CFI = 0.78). Looking for inter-group comparison after intervention, we found significant mean difference (MD) for knowledge (MD: 2.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) − .38 to 4.74,
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10508-024-02878-6 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3070838045</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3070838045</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-8bf38f8457f01238c525582ba74a53ff321e5a2e761e089868ed96f116c957a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc-OFCEQh4nRuOPqC3gwJF68tBbQ_Glvk9F1J1mjiaseCdNTjL020EKP0afwlWV2djXx4IFQga--IvwIeczgOQPQLwoDCaYB3tZltGnUHbJgUouGG4C7ZAEA9QqAn5AHpVzVSqtW3icnwnS1q2ML8usVfscxTQHjTJOnjp6vP9H3uZ7GeUixlmmXXaBzOpQhzUhXKW5ToB8L0mVIcUfX2cXBRXqGwY1IP-AP-jnlr5jLS7qcpnHo3bWr-peRruOM-Vb_1k3TUBUVy8n1Xx6Se96NBR_d7Kfk8uz15eq8uXj3Zr1aXjS94GpuzMYL400rtQfGhekll9LwjdOtk8J7wRlKx1ErhmA6owxuO-UZU30ntROn5NlRW6d-22OZbRhKj-PoIqZ9sQI0GGGglRV9-g96lfY51scdqNYoJoWoFD9SfU6lZPR2ykNw-adlYA9p2WNatv67vU7Lqtr05Ea93wTc_mm5jacC4giUehV3mP_O_o_2N7sCnx4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3074861533</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Javadivala, Zeinab ; Najafi, Athareh ; Shirzadi, Shayesteh ; Najafi, Sarisa ; Nadrian, Haidar ; Mansuri, Parvin ; Pirehbabi, Kamyar ; Fathi, Behrouz ; Bhalla, Devender</creator><creatorcontrib>Javadivala, Zeinab ; Najafi, Athareh ; Shirzadi, Shayesteh ; Najafi, Sarisa ; Nadrian, Haidar ; Mansuri, Parvin ; Pirehbabi, Kamyar ; Fathi, Behrouz ; Bhalla, Devender</creatorcontrib><description>We used an Intervention Mapping Approach (IMA) to derive multi-level HIV prevention strategies aiming to develop an HIV prevention intervention program among female sex workers (FSWs). We also aimed at pilot testing the effects of the IMA-based “HIV Prevention and Awareness Program (HIV-PAP)” on safe sex behaviors and its determinants among FSWs in Tabriz, Iran. To develop HIV-PAP, we conducted the six-step process of IMA. At Step 1, in a cross-sectional study, 140 FSWs were face-to-face interviewed. At Step 2, the program matrix was provided based on the importance and variability for identifying priority factors. At Steps 3 and 4, the methods and strategies for behavioral change were selected, and the HIV-PAP program components and materials were developed. At Steps 5 and 6, evaluation (as a pilot testing with Static-Group Comparison design) was conducted applying a pre-experimental study, in which 30 FSWs were assigned to intervention (
n
= 15) and control (
n
= 15) groups. The intervention group participated in a two-month long program, and one month later, the initial questionnaires were completed by both groups. The respondents (M age: 33.4 years, SD: 9.7) acquired low score (less than 50%) in negotiating for condom use (49.8%) only, and moderate scores (50–65%) in perceived social support (61.6%) and knowledge (60.5%). Adjusted for other variables, the factors (
R
2
= 32.0%) associated with safe sex behaviors among FSWs were predisposing factors [self-efficacy (
β
= 0.331), perceived norms (β = 0.945), and perceived barriers (β = 0.258)], condom use negotiation (β = 1.386), and environmental factors (β = 0.333). Our IM-based framework had an adequate fit index (χ
2
= 130.8, CFI = 0.78). Looking for inter-group comparison after intervention, we found significant mean difference (MD) for knowledge (MD: 2.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) − .38 to 4.74,
p
< 0.05), self-efficacy to use condom (MD: 6.71; 95% CI − 1.85 to 9.29,
p
< 0.05), perceived risk (MD: 2.03; 95% CI 0.58, to 3.49,
p
< 0.05), perceived social support (MD: 4.64; 95% CI − 5.37 to 11.31,
p
< 0.01), and safe sexual behaviors (MD: 7.75; 95% CI − 4.19 to 9.71,
p
< 0.05). The HIV-PAP showed effectiveness in promoting safe sexual behaviors and their determinants among FSWs. Healthcare providers should better understand the determinants of safe sexual behaviors among FSWs in the settings with legal prohibitions for sex work. In such communities, they should try to either develop or adapt such stage-specific interventions, within which promoting the above-mentioned factors is the core priorities of the program.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0004-0002</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1573-2800</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2800</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02878-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38902491</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Adult ; Behavioral Science and Psychology ; Condoms ; Condoms - statistics & numerical data ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease prevention ; Environmental factors ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Promotion - methods ; HIV ; HIV Infections - prevention & control ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Intervention ; Iran ; Original Paper ; Prevention ; Program Development ; Psychology ; Public Health ; Safe Sex - psychology ; Safe Sex - statistics & numerical data ; Self-efficacy ; Sex industry ; Sex Workers - psychology ; Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually transmitted diseases ; Social Sciences ; Social support ; STD ; Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><ispartof>Archives of sexual behavior, 2024-07, Vol.53 (7), p.2833-2850</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-8bf38f8457f01238c525582ba74a53ff321e5a2e761e089868ed96f116c957a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3129-2475 ; 0000-0003-0231-8189</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10508-024-02878-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-024-02878-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38902491$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Javadivala, Zeinab</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najafi, Athareh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shirzadi, Shayesteh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najafi, Sarisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nadrian, Haidar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansuri, Parvin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirehbabi, Kamyar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fathi, Behrouz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhalla, Devender</creatorcontrib><title>Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach</title><title>Archives of sexual behavior</title><addtitle>Arch Sex Behav</addtitle><addtitle>Arch Sex Behav</addtitle><description>We used an Intervention Mapping Approach (IMA) to derive multi-level HIV prevention strategies aiming to develop an HIV prevention intervention program among female sex workers (FSWs). We also aimed at pilot testing the effects of the IMA-based “HIV Prevention and Awareness Program (HIV-PAP)” on safe sex behaviors and its determinants among FSWs in Tabriz, Iran. To develop HIV-PAP, we conducted the six-step process of IMA. At Step 1, in a cross-sectional study, 140 FSWs were face-to-face interviewed. At Step 2, the program matrix was provided based on the importance and variability for identifying priority factors. At Steps 3 and 4, the methods and strategies for behavioral change were selected, and the HIV-PAP program components and materials were developed. At Steps 5 and 6, evaluation (as a pilot testing with Static-Group Comparison design) was conducted applying a pre-experimental study, in which 30 FSWs were assigned to intervention (
n
= 15) and control (
n
= 15) groups. The intervention group participated in a two-month long program, and one month later, the initial questionnaires were completed by both groups. The respondents (M age: 33.4 years, SD: 9.7) acquired low score (less than 50%) in negotiating for condom use (49.8%) only, and moderate scores (50–65%) in perceived social support (61.6%) and knowledge (60.5%). Adjusted for other variables, the factors (
R
2
= 32.0%) associated with safe sex behaviors among FSWs were predisposing factors [self-efficacy (
β
= 0.331), perceived norms (β = 0.945), and perceived barriers (β = 0.258)], condom use negotiation (β = 1.386), and environmental factors (β = 0.333). Our IM-based framework had an adequate fit index (χ
2
= 130.8, CFI = 0.78). Looking for inter-group comparison after intervention, we found significant mean difference (MD) for knowledge (MD: 2.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) − .38 to 4.74,
p
< 0.05), self-efficacy to use condom (MD: 6.71; 95% CI − 1.85 to 9.29,
p
< 0.05), perceived risk (MD: 2.03; 95% CI 0.58, to 3.49,
p
< 0.05), perceived social support (MD: 4.64; 95% CI − 5.37 to 11.31,
p
< 0.01), and safe sexual behaviors (MD: 7.75; 95% CI − 4.19 to 9.71,
p
< 0.05). The HIV-PAP showed effectiveness in promoting safe sexual behaviors and their determinants among FSWs. Healthcare providers should better understand the determinants of safe sexual behaviors among FSWs in the settings with legal prohibitions for sex work. In such communities, they should try to either develop or adapt such stage-specific interventions, within which promoting the above-mentioned factors is the core priorities of the program.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Behavioral Science and Psychology</subject><subject>Condoms</subject><subject>Condoms - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</subject><subject>Health Promotion - methods</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - prevention & control</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Iran</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Program Development</subject><subject>Psychology</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Safe Sex - psychology</subject><subject>Safe Sex - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Self-efficacy</subject><subject>Sex industry</subject><subject>Sex Workers - psychology</subject><subject>Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior</subject><subject>Sexually transmitted diseases</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Social support</subject><subject>STD</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><issn>0004-0002</issn><issn>1573-2800</issn><issn>1573-2800</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc-OFCEQh4nRuOPqC3gwJF68tBbQ_Glvk9F1J1mjiaseCdNTjL020EKP0afwlWV2djXx4IFQga--IvwIeczgOQPQLwoDCaYB3tZltGnUHbJgUouGG4C7ZAEA9QqAn5AHpVzVSqtW3icnwnS1q2ML8usVfscxTQHjTJOnjp6vP9H3uZ7GeUixlmmXXaBzOpQhzUhXKW5ToB8L0mVIcUfX2cXBRXqGwY1IP-AP-jnlr5jLS7qcpnHo3bWr-peRruOM-Vb_1k3TUBUVy8n1Xx6Se96NBR_d7Kfk8uz15eq8uXj3Zr1aXjS94GpuzMYL400rtQfGhekll9LwjdOtk8J7wRlKx1ErhmA6owxuO-UZU30ntROn5NlRW6d-22OZbRhKj-PoIqZ9sQI0GGGglRV9-g96lfY51scdqNYoJoWoFD9SfU6lZPR2ykNw-adlYA9p2WNatv67vU7Lqtr05Ea93wTc_mm5jacC4giUehV3mP_O_o_2N7sCnx4</recordid><startdate>20240701</startdate><enddate>20240701</enddate><creator>Javadivala, Zeinab</creator><creator>Najafi, Athareh</creator><creator>Shirzadi, Shayesteh</creator><creator>Najafi, Sarisa</creator><creator>Nadrian, Haidar</creator><creator>Mansuri, Parvin</creator><creator>Pirehbabi, Kamyar</creator><creator>Fathi, Behrouz</creator><creator>Bhalla, Devender</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-2475</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-8189</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240701</creationdate><title>Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach</title><author>Javadivala, Zeinab ; Najafi, Athareh ; Shirzadi, Shayesteh ; Najafi, Sarisa ; Nadrian, Haidar ; Mansuri, Parvin ; Pirehbabi, Kamyar ; Fathi, Behrouz ; Bhalla, Devender</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-8bf38f8457f01238c525582ba74a53ff321e5a2e761e089868ed96f116c957a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Behavioral Science and Psychology</topic><topic>Condoms</topic><topic>Condoms - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</topic><topic>Health Promotion - methods</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - prevention & control</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Iran</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Program Development</topic><topic>Psychology</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Safe Sex - psychology</topic><topic>Safe Sex - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Self-efficacy</topic><topic>Sex industry</topic><topic>Sex Workers - psychology</topic><topic>Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior</topic><topic>Sexually transmitted diseases</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Social support</topic><topic>STD</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Javadivala, Zeinab</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najafi, Athareh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shirzadi, Shayesteh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Najafi, Sarisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nadrian, Haidar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansuri, Parvin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirehbabi, Kamyar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fathi, Behrouz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhalla, Devender</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Archives of sexual behavior</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Javadivala, Zeinab</au><au>Najafi, Athareh</au><au>Shirzadi, Shayesteh</au><au>Najafi, Sarisa</au><au>Nadrian, Haidar</au><au>Mansuri, Parvin</au><au>Pirehbabi, Kamyar</au><au>Fathi, Behrouz</au><au>Bhalla, Devender</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach</atitle><jtitle>Archives of sexual behavior</jtitle><stitle>Arch Sex Behav</stitle><addtitle>Arch Sex Behav</addtitle><date>2024-07-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>2833</spage><epage>2850</epage><pages>2833-2850</pages><issn>0004-0002</issn><issn>1573-2800</issn><eissn>1573-2800</eissn><abstract>We used an Intervention Mapping Approach (IMA) to derive multi-level HIV prevention strategies aiming to develop an HIV prevention intervention program among female sex workers (FSWs). We also aimed at pilot testing the effects of the IMA-based “HIV Prevention and Awareness Program (HIV-PAP)” on safe sex behaviors and its determinants among FSWs in Tabriz, Iran. To develop HIV-PAP, we conducted the six-step process of IMA. At Step 1, in a cross-sectional study, 140 FSWs were face-to-face interviewed. At Step 2, the program matrix was provided based on the importance and variability for identifying priority factors. At Steps 3 and 4, the methods and strategies for behavioral change were selected, and the HIV-PAP program components and materials were developed. At Steps 5 and 6, evaluation (as a pilot testing with Static-Group Comparison design) was conducted applying a pre-experimental study, in which 30 FSWs were assigned to intervention (
n
= 15) and control (
n
= 15) groups. The intervention group participated in a two-month long program, and one month later, the initial questionnaires were completed by both groups. The respondents (M age: 33.4 years, SD: 9.7) acquired low score (less than 50%) in negotiating for condom use (49.8%) only, and moderate scores (50–65%) in perceived social support (61.6%) and knowledge (60.5%). Adjusted for other variables, the factors (
R
2
= 32.0%) associated with safe sex behaviors among FSWs were predisposing factors [self-efficacy (
β
= 0.331), perceived norms (β = 0.945), and perceived barriers (β = 0.258)], condom use negotiation (β = 1.386), and environmental factors (β = 0.333). Our IM-based framework had an adequate fit index (χ
2
= 130.8, CFI = 0.78). Looking for inter-group comparison after intervention, we found significant mean difference (MD) for knowledge (MD: 2.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) − .38 to 4.74,
p
< 0.05), self-efficacy to use condom (MD: 6.71; 95% CI − 1.85 to 9.29,
p
< 0.05), perceived risk (MD: 2.03; 95% CI 0.58, to 3.49,
p
< 0.05), perceived social support (MD: 4.64; 95% CI − 5.37 to 11.31,
p
< 0.01), and safe sexual behaviors (MD: 7.75; 95% CI − 4.19 to 9.71,
p
< 0.05). The HIV-PAP showed effectiveness in promoting safe sexual behaviors and their determinants among FSWs. Healthcare providers should better understand the determinants of safe sexual behaviors among FSWs in the settings with legal prohibitions for sex work. In such communities, they should try to either develop or adapt such stage-specific interventions, within which promoting the above-mentioned factors is the core priorities of the program.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>38902491</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10508-024-02878-6</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-2475</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-8189</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Archives of sexual behavior, 2024-07, Vol.53 (7), p.2833-2850 |
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| subjects | Adult Behavioral Science and Psychology Condoms Condoms - statistics & numerical data Cross-Sectional Studies Disease prevention Environmental factors Female Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health Promotion - methods HIV HIV Infections - prevention & control Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Intervention Iran Original Paper Prevention Program Development Psychology Public Health Safe Sex - psychology Safe Sex - statistics & numerical data Self-efficacy Sex industry Sex Workers - psychology Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data Sexual Behavior Sexually transmitted diseases Social Sciences Social support STD Surveys and Questionnaires |
| title | Development of a HIV Prevention Program to Promote Condom Use Among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Application of An Intervention Mapping Approach |
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