Association between Alzheimer's disease and Toxocara infection/exposure: a case–control study
Abstract Background Infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Limited evidence suggests Toxocara spp. infection/exposure could influence AD development. Methods We investigated Toxocara seropositivity and AD in Iranian adults using a matched case–control study. Our sample incl...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2024-11, Vol.118 (11), p.744-751 |
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| container_title | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
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| creator | Khatir, Ali Alizadeh Mousavi, Fariborz Sepidarkish, Mahdi Arshadi, Mahdi Arjmandi, Delaram Aldaghi, Maryam Rostami, Ali |
| description | Abstract
Background
Infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Limited evidence suggests Toxocara spp. infection/exposure could influence AD development.
Methods
We investigated Toxocara seropositivity and AD in Iranian adults using a matched case–control study. Our sample included 90 AD cases and 91 healthy older adults. Anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through univariable and multivariable analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
There were 33/90 (36.67% [95% CI 26.75 to 47.48]) anti-Toxocara IgG seropositive individuals identified among the AD cases and 21/91 (23.07% [95% CI 14.89 to 33.09]) among the healthy controls. In univariable analysis, a significant association was identified between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and AD (OR 1.93 [95% CI 1.01 to 3.69], p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/trstmh/trae039 |
| format | Article |
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Background
Infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Limited evidence suggests Toxocara spp. infection/exposure could influence AD development.
Methods
We investigated Toxocara seropositivity and AD in Iranian adults using a matched case–control study. Our sample included 90 AD cases and 91 healthy older adults. Anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through univariable and multivariable analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
There were 33/90 (36.67% [95% CI 26.75 to 47.48]) anti-Toxocara IgG seropositive individuals identified among the AD cases and 21/91 (23.07% [95% CI 14.89 to 33.09]) among the healthy controls. In univariable analysis, a significant association was identified between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and AD (OR 1.93 [95% CI 1.01 to 3.69], p<0.001). Moreover, the association remained significant (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.05 to 4.49], p<0.001) in multivariable analysis after adjustment for covariates. There was no association between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and the severity of AD (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.21 to 2.61], p=0.47).
Conclusions
Our findings indicated that Toxocara exposure/infection could be a potential risk factor for development of AD. To better understand a real causality between Toxocara exposure/infection and AD and related dementias, follow-up designed and adequately powered studies are needed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0035-9203</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1878-3503</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-3503</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae039</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38899453</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Helminth - blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G - blood ; Iran - epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Toxocara - immunology ; Toxocariasis - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2024-11, Vol.118 (11), p.744-751</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2024</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c214t-da59782fad86f265603b89bbad3e4374f1d91de38f1a42aff117c097329c853d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1358-1321 ; 0000-0003-4732-6684</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,1585,27929,27930</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38899453$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Khatir, Ali Alizadeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mousavi, Fariborz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sepidarkish, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arshadi, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arjmandi, Delaram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldaghi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rostami, Ali</creatorcontrib><title>Association between Alzheimer's disease and Toxocara infection/exposure: a case–control study</title><title>Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</title><addtitle>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</addtitle><description>Abstract
Background
Infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Limited evidence suggests Toxocara spp. infection/exposure could influence AD development.
Methods
We investigated Toxocara seropositivity and AD in Iranian adults using a matched case–control study. Our sample included 90 AD cases and 91 healthy older adults. Anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through univariable and multivariable analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
There were 33/90 (36.67% [95% CI 26.75 to 47.48]) anti-Toxocara IgG seropositive individuals identified among the AD cases and 21/91 (23.07% [95% CI 14.89 to 33.09]) among the healthy controls. In univariable analysis, a significant association was identified between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and AD (OR 1.93 [95% CI 1.01 to 3.69], p<0.001). Moreover, the association remained significant (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.05 to 4.49], p<0.001) in multivariable analysis after adjustment for covariates. There was no association between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and the severity of AD (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.21 to 2.61], p=0.47).
Conclusions
Our findings indicated that Toxocara exposure/infection could be a potential risk factor for development of AD. To better understand a real causality between Toxocara exposure/infection and AD and related dementias, follow-up designed and adequately powered studies are needed.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies, Helminth - blood</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin G - blood</subject><subject>Iran - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Toxocara - immunology</subject><subject>Toxocariasis - epidemiology</subject><issn>0035-9203</issn><issn>1878-3503</issn><issn>1878-3503</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkLtOwzAYRi0EouWyMiJvwJDWl6Sx2aqKm1SJpcyRY_9Wg5I42IlomXgH3pAnIVUKK9O3nO8MB6ELSiaUSD5tfWirdT8KCJcHaExFKiKeEH6IxoTwJJKM8BE6CeGVEJbQRB6jERdCyjjhY5TNQ3C6UG3hapxD-w5Q43n5sYaiAn8VsCkCqABY1Qav3MZp5RUuagt6d5nCpnGh83CLFdY99_35pV3delfi0HZme4aOrCoDnO_3FL3c360Wj9Hy-eFpMV9GmtG4jYxKZCqYVUbMLJslM8JzIfNcGQ4xT2NLjaQGuLBUxUxZS2mqiUw5k1ok3PBTdD14G-_eOghtVhVBQ1mqGlwXMk5SIliaUtajkwHV3oXgwWaNLyrltxkl2S5qNkTN9lH7w-Xe3eUVmD_8t2IP3AyA65r_ZD-BLIY3</recordid><startdate>20241104</startdate><enddate>20241104</enddate><creator>Khatir, Ali Alizadeh</creator><creator>Mousavi, Fariborz</creator><creator>Sepidarkish, Mahdi</creator><creator>Arshadi, Mahdi</creator><creator>Arjmandi, Delaram</creator><creator>Aldaghi, Maryam</creator><creator>Rostami, Ali</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-1321</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-6684</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241104</creationdate><title>Association between Alzheimer's disease and Toxocara infection/exposure: a case–control study</title><author>Khatir, Ali Alizadeh ; Mousavi, Fariborz ; Sepidarkish, Mahdi ; Arshadi, Mahdi ; Arjmandi, Delaram ; Aldaghi, Maryam ; Rostami, Ali</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c214t-da59782fad86f265603b89bbad3e4374f1d91de38f1a42aff117c097329c853d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies, Helminth - blood</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunoglobulin G - blood</topic><topic>Iran - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Toxocara - immunology</topic><topic>Toxocariasis - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Khatir, Ali Alizadeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mousavi, Fariborz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sepidarkish, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arshadi, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arjmandi, Delaram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldaghi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rostami, Ali</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khatir, Ali Alizadeh</au><au>Mousavi, Fariborz</au><au>Sepidarkish, Mahdi</au><au>Arshadi, Mahdi</au><au>Arjmandi, Delaram</au><au>Aldaghi, Maryam</au><au>Rostami, Ali</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Association between Alzheimer's disease and Toxocara infection/exposure: a case–control study</atitle><jtitle>Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</jtitle><addtitle>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</addtitle><date>2024-11-04</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>118</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>744</spage><epage>751</epage><pages>744-751</pages><issn>0035-9203</issn><issn>1878-3503</issn><eissn>1878-3503</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Background
Infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Limited evidence suggests Toxocara spp. infection/exposure could influence AD development.
Methods
We investigated Toxocara seropositivity and AD in Iranian adults using a matched case–control study. Our sample included 90 AD cases and 91 healthy older adults. Anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through univariable and multivariable analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
There were 33/90 (36.67% [95% CI 26.75 to 47.48]) anti-Toxocara IgG seropositive individuals identified among the AD cases and 21/91 (23.07% [95% CI 14.89 to 33.09]) among the healthy controls. In univariable analysis, a significant association was identified between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and AD (OR 1.93 [95% CI 1.01 to 3.69], p<0.001). Moreover, the association remained significant (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.05 to 4.49], p<0.001) in multivariable analysis after adjustment for covariates. There was no association between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and the severity of AD (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.21 to 2.61], p=0.47).
Conclusions
Our findings indicated that Toxocara exposure/infection could be a potential risk factor for development of AD. To better understand a real causality between Toxocara exposure/infection and AD and related dementias, follow-up designed and adequately powered studies are needed.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>38899453</pmid><doi>10.1093/trstmh/trae039</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-1321</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-6684</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology Animals Antibodies, Helminth - blood Case-Control Studies Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Humans Immunoglobulin G - blood Iran - epidemiology Male Middle Aged Odds Ratio Risk Factors Toxocara - immunology Toxocariasis - epidemiology |
| title | Association between Alzheimer's disease and Toxocara infection/exposure: a case–control study |
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