Peptides and metal ions: A successful marriage for developing artificial metalloproteins

The mutual relationship between peptides and metal ions enables metalloproteins to have crucial roles in biological systems, including structural, sensing, electron transport, and catalytic functions. The effort to reproduce or/and enhance these roles, or even to create unprecedented functions, is the focus of protein design, the first step toward the comprehension of the complex machinery of nature. Nowadays, protein design allows the building of sophisticated scaffolds, with novel functions and exceptional stability. Recent progress in metalloprotein design has led to the building of peptides/proteins capable of orchestrating the desired functions of different metal cofactors. The structural diversity of peptides allows proper selection of first‐ and second‐shell ligands, as well as long‐range electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, which represent precious tools for tuning metal properties. The scope of this review is to discuss the construction of metal sites in de novo designed and miniaturized scaffolds. Selected examples of mono‐, di‐, and multi‐nuclear binding sites, from the last 20 years will be described in an effort to highlight key artificial models of catalytic or electron‐transfer metalloproteins. The authors' goal is to make readers feel like guests at the marriage between peptides and metal ions while offering sources of inspiration for future architects of innovative, artificial metalloproteins. This review focuses on the construction of mono‐, di‐, and multi‐nuclear metal binding sites in designed peptide‐based scaffolds. Selected case studies are discussed to highlight that properly designed interactions between peptides and metal ions enable the designer to mimic and even outperform native metalloproteins.