Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs
Purpose Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.1281-1284 |
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| container_title | International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery |
| container_volume | 19 |
| creator | Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D. Puentes, Paola Ruiz Acar, Ayberk Gupta, Iris Bhowmick, Joyraj Li, Yizhou Ghazi, Ahmed Wu, Jie Ying Unberath, Mathias |
| description | Purpose
Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering the necessity of stable pupillometry signals for reliable cognitive load estimation, we compare the accuracy of three eye trackers, including head and console-mounted designs.
Methods
We conducted a user study with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK), to compare the three designs. We collected eye tracking and dVRK video data while participants observed nine markers distributed over the dVRK screen. We compute and analyze pupil detection stability and gaze prediction accuracy for the three designs.
Results
Head-worn devices present better stability and accuracy of gaze prediction and pupil detection compared to console-mounted systems. Tracking stability along the field of view varies between trackers, with gaze predictions detected at invalid zones of the image with high confidence.
Conclusion
While head-worn solutions show benefits in confidence and stability, our results demonstrate the need to improve eye tacker performance regarding pupil detection, stability, and gaze accuracy in tele-robotic scenarios. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x |
| format | Article |
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Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering the necessity of stable pupillometry signals for reliable cognitive load estimation, we compare the accuracy of three eye trackers, including head and console-mounted designs.
Methods
We conducted a user study with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK), to compare the three designs. We collected eye tracking and dVRK video data while participants observed nine markers distributed over the dVRK screen. We compute and analyze pupil detection stability and gaze prediction accuracy for the three designs.
Results
Head-worn devices present better stability and accuracy of gaze prediction and pupil detection compared to console-mounted systems. Tracking stability along the field of view varies between trackers, with gaze predictions detected at invalid zones of the image with high confidence.
Conclusion
While head-worn solutions show benefits in confidence and stability, our results demonstrate the need to improve eye tacker performance regarding pupil detection, stability, and gaze accuracy in tele-robotic scenarios.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1861-6429</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1861-6429</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38704792</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adult ; Cognition - physiology ; Computer Imaging ; Computer Science ; Equipment Design ; Eye Movements - physiology ; Eye-Tracking Technology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular - physiology ; Health Informatics ; Humans ; Imaging ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Pattern Recognition and Graphics ; Pupil - physiology ; Radiology ; Robotic Surgical Procedures - methods ; Short Communication ; Surgery ; Telemedicine - instrumentation ; Vision</subject><ispartof>International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery, 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.1281-1284</ispartof><rights>CARS 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2024. CARS.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-d6203a6e553c2d6c7654ae3d63cf599902d33c8b5b102f85c3ec9b983d69ecb13</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0712-0534 ; 0000-0003-4352-7999 ; 0000-0002-0055-9950 ; 0009-0002-0243-530X ; 0000-0002-4325-1446 ; 0000-0002-7306-8140</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38704792$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puentes, Paola Ruiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acar, Ayberk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Iris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhowmick, Joyraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yizhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghazi, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Jie Ying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unberath, Mathias</creatorcontrib><title>Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs</title><title>International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery</title><addtitle>Int J CARS</addtitle><addtitle>Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg</addtitle><description>Purpose
Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering the necessity of stable pupillometry signals for reliable cognitive load estimation, we compare the accuracy of three eye trackers, including head and console-mounted designs.
Methods
We conducted a user study with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK), to compare the three designs. We collected eye tracking and dVRK video data while participants observed nine markers distributed over the dVRK screen. We compute and analyze pupil detection stability and gaze prediction accuracy for the three designs.
Results
Head-worn devices present better stability and accuracy of gaze prediction and pupil detection compared to console-mounted systems. Tracking stability along the field of view varies between trackers, with gaze predictions detected at invalid zones of the image with high confidence.
Conclusion
While head-worn solutions show benefits in confidence and stability, our results demonstrate the need to improve eye tacker performance regarding pupil detection, stability, and gaze accuracy in tele-robotic scenarios.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Cognition - physiology</subject><subject>Computer Imaging</subject><subject>Computer Science</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Eye Movements - physiology</subject><subject>Eye-Tracking Technology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fixation, Ocular - physiology</subject><subject>Health Informatics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Pattern Recognition and Graphics</subject><subject>Pupil - physiology</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Robotic Surgical Procedures - methods</subject><subject>Short Communication</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Telemedicine - instrumentation</subject><subject>Vision</subject><issn>1861-6429</issn><issn>1861-6429</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMtOwzAQRS0EolD4ARbISzYBP5OYHap4iUpsYG05zqRySeNiJ6j9ewwpiBWrGWnOvdIchM4ouaSEFFeRUinKjDCREU4lyTZ76IiWOc1ywdT-n32CjmNcEiJkweUhmvCyIKJQ7Ag9zfyic737ANx6U2PX4R5ayIKvfO8sjkNYQNheY4OtX61NcNF32DcYtoD7YOwbBFxDdIsunqCDxrQRTndzil7vbl9mD9n8-f5xdjPPLFNln9U5I9zkICW3rM5tkUthgNc5t41UShFWc27LSlaUsKaUloNVlSoTocBWlE_Rxdi7Dv59gNjrlYsW2tZ04IeoOZFUMC4KklA2ojb4GAM0eh3cyoStpkR_SdSjRJ0k6m-JepNC57v-oVpB_Rv5sZYAPgIxnbrkRy_9ELr083-1n4V7fVE</recordid><startdate>20240701</startdate><enddate>20240701</enddate><creator>Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D.</creator><creator>Puentes, Paola Ruiz</creator><creator>Acar, Ayberk</creator><creator>Gupta, Iris</creator><creator>Bhowmick, Joyraj</creator><creator>Li, Yizhou</creator><creator>Ghazi, Ahmed</creator><creator>Wu, Jie Ying</creator><creator>Unberath, Mathias</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-0534</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-7999</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-9950</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0243-530X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-1446</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-8140</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240701</creationdate><title>Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs</title><author>Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D. ; Puentes, Paola Ruiz ; Acar, Ayberk ; Gupta, Iris ; Bhowmick, Joyraj ; Li, Yizhou ; Ghazi, Ahmed ; Wu, Jie Ying ; Unberath, Mathias</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c298t-d6203a6e553c2d6c7654ae3d63cf599902d33c8b5b102f85c3ec9b983d69ecb13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Cognition - physiology</topic><topic>Computer Imaging</topic><topic>Computer Science</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Eye Movements - physiology</topic><topic>Eye-Tracking Technology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fixation, Ocular - physiology</topic><topic>Health Informatics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Pattern Recognition and Graphics</topic><topic>Pupil - physiology</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Robotic Surgical Procedures - methods</topic><topic>Short Communication</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Telemedicine - instrumentation</topic><topic>Vision</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puentes, Paola Ruiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acar, Ayberk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Iris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhowmick, Joyraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yizhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghazi, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Jie Ying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unberath, Mathias</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Soberanis-Mukul, Roger D.</au><au>Puentes, Paola Ruiz</au><au>Acar, Ayberk</au><au>Gupta, Iris</au><au>Bhowmick, Joyraj</au><au>Li, Yizhou</au><au>Ghazi, Ahmed</au><au>Wu, Jie Ying</au><au>Unberath, Mathias</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs</atitle><jtitle>International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery</jtitle><stitle>Int J CARS</stitle><addtitle>Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg</addtitle><date>2024-07-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1281</spage><epage>1284</epage><pages>1281-1284</pages><issn>1861-6429</issn><eissn>1861-6429</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Eye gaze tracking and pupillometry are evolving areas within the field of tele-robotic surgery, particularly in the context of estimating cognitive load (CL). However, this is a recent field, and current solutions for gaze and pupil tracking in robotic surgery require assessment. Considering the necessity of stable pupillometry signals for reliable cognitive load estimation, we compare the accuracy of three eye trackers, including head and console-mounted designs.
Methods
We conducted a user study with the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK), to compare the three designs. We collected eye tracking and dVRK video data while participants observed nine markers distributed over the dVRK screen. We compute and analyze pupil detection stability and gaze prediction accuracy for the three designs.
Results
Head-worn devices present better stability and accuracy of gaze prediction and pupil detection compared to console-mounted systems. Tracking stability along the field of view varies between trackers, with gaze predictions detected at invalid zones of the image with high confidence.
Conclusion
While head-worn solutions show benefits in confidence and stability, our results demonstrate the need to improve eye tacker performance regarding pupil detection, stability, and gaze accuracy in tele-robotic scenarios.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>38704792</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11548-024-03150-x</doi><tpages>4</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-0534</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-7999</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-9950</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0243-530X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-1446</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-8140</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery, 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.1281-1284 |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Adult Cognition - physiology Computer Imaging Computer Science Equipment Design Eye Movements - physiology Eye-Tracking Technology Female Fixation, Ocular - physiology Health Informatics Humans Imaging Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Pattern Recognition and Graphics Pupil - physiology Radiology Robotic Surgical Procedures - methods Short Communication Surgery Telemedicine - instrumentation Vision |
| title | Cognitive load in tele-robotic surgery: a comparison of eye tracker designs |
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