Black soldier fly larvae mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from domestic biodegradable waste by recycling carbon and nitrogen and reconstructing microbial communities

Black soldier fly larvae have been proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the treatment of organic waste. However, the microbial mechanisms involved have not been fully understood. The current study mainly examined the dynamic changes of carbon and nitrogen, greenhouse gas emissions, the succession of microbial community structure, and changes in functional gene abundance in organic waste under larvae treatment and non-aeration composting. Thirty percent carbon and 55% nitrogen in the organic waste supplied were stored in larvae biomass. Compared to the non-aeration composting, the larvae bioreactor reduced the proportion of carbon and nitrogen converted into greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O decreased by 62%, 87%, and 95%, respectively). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that the larvae bioreactor increased the relative abundance of Methanophaga , Marinobacter , and Campylobacter during the bioprocess, enhancing the consumption of CH 4 and N 2 O. The metagenomic data showed that the intervention of larvae reduced the ratio of ( nirK + nirS + nor )/ nosZ in the residues, thereby reducing the emission of N 2 O. Larvae also increased the functional gene abundance of nirA , nirB , nirD , and nrfA in the residues, making nitrite more inclined to be reduced to ammonia instead of N 2 O. The larvae bioreactor mitigated greenhouse gas emissions by redistributing carbon and nitrogen and remodeling microbiomes during waste bioconversion, giving related enterprises a relative advantage in carbon trading.