Detection and characterisation of microplastics in tap water from Gauteng, South Africa

This study reports the presence, concentration, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in tap water in three suburbs in Gauteng Province in South Africa. Physical characterisation was conducted using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy following staining of MPs with the Rose Bengal...

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Veröffentlicht in:Chemosphere (Oxford) 2024-05, Vol.356, p.141903-141903, Article 141903
Hauptverfasser: Ramaremisa, Gibbon, Tutu, Hlanganani, Saad, Dalia
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Tutu, Hlanganani
Saad, Dalia
description This study reports the presence, concentration, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in tap water in three suburbs in Gauteng Province in South Africa. Physical characterisation was conducted using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy following staining of MPs with the Rose Bengal dye. The concentrations of MPs in all samples ranged from 4.7 to 31 particles/L, with a mean of 14 ± 5.6 particles/L. Small-sized (
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Physical characterisation was conducted using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy following staining of MPs with the Rose Bengal dye. The concentrations of MPs in all samples ranged from 4.7 to 31 particles/L, with a mean of 14 ± 5.6 particles/L. Small-sized (&lt;1 mm) and fibrous-shaped MPs were most abundant in all samples. Fibers accounted for 83.1% of MPs in samples from all the three areas, followed by fragments (12.4%), pellets/beads (3.1%), and films (1.5%), with a minor variation in the distribution of shapes and sizes in samples from each area. Raman microspectroscopy was used for chemical analysis, and five polymers were identified, namely: high-density polyethylene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, poly(hexamethylene terephtalamide), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid). C.I Pigment Red 1, C.I. Solvent Yellow 4, Potassium indigotetrasulphonate, and C.I Pigment Black 7 were the colourants detected. These colourants are carcinogenic and mutagenic and are potentially toxic to humans. The prevalence of MPs in tap water implies their inadequate removal during water treatment. For instance, the presence of poly(AM-co-AA) suggests that drinking water treatment plants may be a potential source of MPs in tap water. Other polymers, e.g., high-density polyethylene may be released from pipes during the transportation of drinking water. The estimated daily consumption of MPs from tap water was 1.2, 0.71, and 0.50 particles/kg.day for children, men, and women, respectively. The findings of this study provide evidence of the presence of MPs in drinking water in South Africa, thus giving some insights into the performance of treatment plants in removing these contaminants and a benchmark for the formulation of standard limits for the amount of MPs in drinking water. [Display omitted] •Tap water from three suburbs in the Gauteng Province, South Africa contained MPs.•Fibrous microplastics less than 1 mm were most prevalent in tap water samples.•The presence of poly(AM-co-AA) polymer suggests that DWTPs could be a potential source of MPs in tap water.•The estimated daily intake pointed to an increased likelihood of exposure of children to MPs in tap water.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0045-6535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1298</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141903</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38582157</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Characterisation ; Drinking water ; Gauteng ; Microplastics ; South Africa ; Tap water</subject><ispartof>Chemosphere (Oxford), 2024-05, Vol.356, p.141903-141903, Article 141903</ispartof><rights>2024 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024. 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Physical characterisation was conducted using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy following staining of MPs with the Rose Bengal dye. The concentrations of MPs in all samples ranged from 4.7 to 31 particles/L, with a mean of 14 ± 5.6 particles/L. Small-sized (&lt;1 mm) and fibrous-shaped MPs were most abundant in all samples. Fibers accounted for 83.1% of MPs in samples from all the three areas, followed by fragments (12.4%), pellets/beads (3.1%), and films (1.5%), with a minor variation in the distribution of shapes and sizes in samples from each area. Raman microspectroscopy was used for chemical analysis, and five polymers were identified, namely: high-density polyethylene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, poly(hexamethylene terephtalamide), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid). C.I Pigment Red 1, C.I. Solvent Yellow 4, Potassium indigotetrasulphonate, and C.I Pigment Black 7 were the colourants detected. These colourants are carcinogenic and mutagenic and are potentially toxic to humans. The prevalence of MPs in tap water implies their inadequate removal during water treatment. For instance, the presence of poly(AM-co-AA) suggests that drinking water treatment plants may be a potential source of MPs in tap water. Other polymers, e.g., high-density polyethylene may be released from pipes during the transportation of drinking water. The estimated daily consumption of MPs from tap water was 1.2, 0.71, and 0.50 particles/kg.day for children, men, and women, respectively. The findings of this study provide evidence of the presence of MPs in drinking water in South Africa, thus giving some insights into the performance of treatment plants in removing these contaminants and a benchmark for the formulation of standard limits for the amount of MPs in drinking water. [Display omitted] •Tap water from three suburbs in the Gauteng Province, South Africa contained MPs.•Fibrous microplastics less than 1 mm were most prevalent in tap water samples.•The presence of poly(AM-co-AA) polymer suggests that DWTPs could be a potential source of MPs in tap water.•The estimated daily intake pointed to an increased likelihood of exposure of children to MPs in tap water.</description><subject>Characterisation</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Gauteng</subject><subject>Microplastics</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Tap water</subject><issn>0045-6535</issn><issn>1879-1298</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkE1r3DAQhkVoSLZJ_kJRbz3EG31Ya-kYNmlaCOTQlh7F7Hjc1bK2HMlu6b-P0k1LjgUNguF5Z5iHsfdSLKWQq6vdErfUxzxuKdFSCVUvZS2d0EdsIW3jKqmcfcMWQtSmWhltTtnbnHdClLBxJ-xUW2OVNM2Cfb-hiXAKceAwtBy3kAAnSiHDn2bseB8wxXEPeQqYeRj4BCP_BQXiXYo9v4N5ouHHJf8S52nLr7sUEM7ZcQf7TBcv_xn79vH26_pTdf9w93l9fV-hrrWuGlRKu7pTWgKsSllssJGdAyxPWQsbXIHtwFhsWyBbYCCNABu3EabRZ-zDYe6Y4uNMefJ9yEj7PQwU5-y10LWqm8a4groDWs7JOVHnxxR6SL-9FP7Zq9_5V179s1d_8Fqy717WzJue2n_JvyILsD4AVI79GSj5jIEGpDak4te3MfzHmicWVJDK</recordid><startdate>20240501</startdate><enddate>20240501</enddate><creator>Ramaremisa, Gibbon</creator><creator>Tutu, Hlanganani</creator><creator>Saad, Dalia</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-0896</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-4018</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240501</creationdate><title>Detection and characterisation of microplastics in tap water from Gauteng, South Africa</title><author>Ramaremisa, Gibbon ; Tutu, Hlanganani ; Saad, Dalia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3433-7c22394f231aa61aa8c7c71f9ac9ac288abc6a8fa58cddae8394ae3caab9b0573</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Characterisation</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Gauteng</topic><topic>Microplastics</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>Tap water</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ramaremisa, Gibbon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tutu, Hlanganani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saad, Dalia</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ramaremisa, Gibbon</au><au>Tutu, Hlanganani</au><au>Saad, Dalia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Detection and characterisation of microplastics in tap water from Gauteng, South Africa</atitle><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Chemosphere</addtitle><date>2024-05-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>356</volume><spage>141903</spage><epage>141903</epage><pages>141903-141903</pages><artnum>141903</artnum><issn>0045-6535</issn><eissn>1879-1298</eissn><abstract>This study reports the presence, concentration, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in tap water in three suburbs in Gauteng Province in South Africa. Physical characterisation was conducted using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy following staining of MPs with the Rose Bengal dye. The concentrations of MPs in all samples ranged from 4.7 to 31 particles/L, with a mean of 14 ± 5.6 particles/L. Small-sized (&lt;1 mm) and fibrous-shaped MPs were most abundant in all samples. Fibers accounted for 83.1% of MPs in samples from all the three areas, followed by fragments (12.4%), pellets/beads (3.1%), and films (1.5%), with a minor variation in the distribution of shapes and sizes in samples from each area. Raman microspectroscopy was used for chemical analysis, and five polymers were identified, namely: high-density polyethylene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, poly(hexamethylene terephtalamide), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid). C.I Pigment Red 1, C.I. Solvent Yellow 4, Potassium indigotetrasulphonate, and C.I Pigment Black 7 were the colourants detected. These colourants are carcinogenic and mutagenic and are potentially toxic to humans. The prevalence of MPs in tap water implies their inadequate removal during water treatment. For instance, the presence of poly(AM-co-AA) suggests that drinking water treatment plants may be a potential source of MPs in tap water. Other polymers, e.g., high-density polyethylene may be released from pipes during the transportation of drinking water. The estimated daily consumption of MPs from tap water was 1.2, 0.71, and 0.50 particles/kg.day for children, men, and women, respectively. The findings of this study provide evidence of the presence of MPs in drinking water in South Africa, thus giving some insights into the performance of treatment plants in removing these contaminants and a benchmark for the formulation of standard limits for the amount of MPs in drinking water. [Display omitted] •Tap water from three suburbs in the Gauteng Province, South Africa contained MPs.•Fibrous microplastics less than 1 mm were most prevalent in tap water samples.•The presence of poly(AM-co-AA) polymer suggests that DWTPs could be a potential source of MPs in tap water.•The estimated daily intake pointed to an increased likelihood of exposure of children to MPs in tap water.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>38582157</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141903</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-0896</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-4018</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Characterisation
Drinking water
Gauteng
Microplastics
South Africa
Tap water
title Detection and characterisation of microplastics in tap water from Gauteng, South Africa
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