Peptide Sequence Variations Govern Hydrogel Stiffness: Insights from a Multi‐Scale Structural Analysis of H‐FQFQFK‐NH2 Peptide Derivatives

Throughout the past decades, amphipathic peptide‐based hydrogels have proven to be promising materials for biomedical applications. Amphipathic peptides are known to adopt β‐sheet configurations that self‐assemble into fibers that then interact to form a hydrogel network. A fundamental understanding of how the peptide sequence alters the structural properties of the hydrogels would allow for a more rational design of novel peptides for a variety of biomedical applications in the future. Therefore, the current work investigates how changing the type of amino acid, the amphipathic pattern, and the peptide length affects the secondary structure, fiber characteristics, and stiffness of peptide‐based hydrogels. Hereto, seven amphipathic peptides of different sequence and length, four of which have not been previously reported, based on and including the hexapeptide H‐Phe‐Gln‐Phe‐Gln‐Phe‐Lys‐NH2, are synthesized and thoroughly characterized by circular dichroism (CD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering (WAXS), Small Angle X‐ray Scattering (SAXS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Thioflavin T (ThT) fibrillization assays. The results show that a high amount of regularly spaced β‐sheets, a high amount of fibers, and fiber bundling contribute to the stiffness of the hydrogel. Furthermore, a study of the time‐dependent fibril formation process reveals complex transient dynamics. The peptide strands structure through an intermediate helical state prior to β‐sheet formation, which is found to be concentration‐ and time‐dependent. The effect of the peptide length, amphipathic pattern, and type of amino acid on the structural characteristics of peptide‐based hydrogels is studied on various length scales.