Trace analytical procedures with modern voltammetric determination methods for the investigation and monitoring of ecotoxic heavy metals in natural waters and atmospheric precipitates

For the aquatic chemistry of ecotoxic heavy metals, modern voltammetry has become of prime significance. The potentials of the usually - in connection with different electrochemical preconcentration techniques - applied differential pulse mode are assessed in comparison with alternative non-electrochemical methods. The essentials of sampling and the necessary sample pretreatment for the various water types are also treated in relation to the complete analytical procedure for analysis and speciation studies of ecotoxic heavy metals in natural waters and atmospheric precipitates; a number of significant applications are briefly reviewed.