Transformation of Aromatic Ether- and Amine-Containing Pharmaceuticals during Chlorine Disinfection

Many of the human pharmaceuticals detected in municipal wastewater effluent, surface water, and groundwater contain functional groups that could undergo transformation reactions during chlorine disinfection. To assess the potential importance of these reactions to the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals, the rate of transformation of a group of compounds was measured over a pH range of 5-10. Several of the pharmaceuticals reacted rapidly with free chlorine (i.e., HOCl/OCl super(-)) and would be expected to undergo transformation under the conditions typically encountered in many chlorine disinfection systems. For compounds containing aromatic ether functional groups, the rate of transformation was strongly affected by the other substituents on the ring. The amine-containing pharmaceuticals underwent a rapid reaction with hypochlorous acid to form chlorinated amines, which could be converted back into the parent compound by reaction with thiosulfate. In the absence of thiosulfate, the chlorinated amines slowly decomposed to form species that could not be converted back into the parent compound. The reaction rates of the pharmaceuticals with combined chlorine (i.e., chloramines) were significantly slower, and transformation of the compounds would not be expected under the conditions encountered during chloramination.