Lessons learned from a UAV survey and methane emissions calculation at a UK landfill

•UAVs used for methane flux quantification at a landfill site.•Methane emissions measured: 150.7 kg h−1, with a 1σ uncertainty range of 83.0 kg h−1 to 209.5 kg h−1.•Refined UAV-based mass balance flux method.•Study addresses UAV onboard wind measurements. Accurate quantification of methane emissions from landfills is crucial for improving greenhouse gas inventories and mitigating climate change impacts. Existing methodologies, such as theoretical gas production models and labour-intensive measurement approaches, present limitations including large uncertainties and high operational costs. This study adds to a growing body of research and applications which aim to bridge this gap. To this end, we present a case study using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with methane and wind instrumentation for a survey of a landfill site in Bury, Manchester, UK, in summer 2022, in order to evaluate and reflect the challenges of the UAV-based mass balance method for quantification of methane emissions from a large heterogeneous source such as landfill. This study offers guidance on defining an appropriate methane background concentration, geospatial interpolation of sampled date, survey sampling strategy, and more importantly, addresses the challenges surrounding UAV wind measurements and spatial characterisation of emission plumes. For the period of the case study, we quantified methane flux for the landfill site to be 150.7 kg h−1 with a 1 standard deviation uncertainty range of 83.0 kg h−1 to 209.5 kg h−1.