THE EMERGENCE OF URBAN DESIGN AS A STRATEGY IN THE NEGOTIATION OF DUTCH SPATIAL PLANNING A study of the trajectory of the concept of Dutch urban design in the 20th century

The purpose of this study is to show how Dutch urban design has played strategic roles in its spatial planning. Dutch urban design (stedebouwkunde) has evolved over the 20th century. The trajectory of urban design can be divided into four phases. In the first phase, 'independence', urban design was derived from architecture and became independent as a profession. In the second phase. 'expansion', the field of urban design became wider to deal with large districts and cities as a whole. However the absence of participation processes forced urban design to change its role. In the third phase. 'turning point', emphasis was given to the planning processes. through which urban design became a useful tool. In the 'integration' phase, the issue of spatial quality required to manage spatial design and negotiation process simultaneously, and this shift gave urban design a new role as a driving force and steering power. As a result, in the process of negotiation on spatial quality among various stakeholders with different interests, urban design came to play a key strategic role.