The cadaveric research model for calcaneus fractures: A scoping review of biomechanical, anatomical, radiographic and fracture fixation studies

Calcaneal fractures remain a big challenge in orthopaedic surgery and lead to long lasting disabilities. Cadaveric research plays an important role in determining optimal fracture treatment. This scoping review aims to provide insight into cadaveric research that has been conducted on calcaneal fractures, including biomechanics, fixation, approaches and radiographic studies. A search strategy was created and implemented as per PRISMA guidance. 3 databases, Medline, Embase and Scopus, were used when conducting this review. 484 individual studies were retrieved across the 3 databases, of which 186 duplicates were excluded. Study abstracts were individually reviewed, of which 208 studies were excluded in accordance with study criteria. 90 papers were sought for retrieval, of which 83 full text papers were successfully retrieved. Of the full papers retrieved, 22 did not meet our inclusion criteria, and 19 papers related only to talus fractures. In the end, 43 cadaveric studies pertaining to this scoping review were included and reviewed. Studies were grouped into biomechanical, anatomical, fixation and radiographic studies for review. Evaluation of current cadaveric studies pertaining to calcaneal fractures has allowed greater insight into the myriad challenges in the management of these injuries. Effects of intra-articular fractures on calcaneal biomechanics assist in establishing surgical goals. Whilst fixation studies showing good stability of nail fixations could encourage further development in minimally invasive techniques. Avoiding pitfalls seen in the extensile lateral approach. Recommendations of areas for further research include use of external fixators, fixation in non-Sanders Type 2 fractures, and comparison of intraoperative CT/3D fluoroscopy with o conventional fluoroscopy. •In this manuscript, we collate, assess and describe cadaveric studies investigating the anatomy, biomechanics and outcomes of safe surgical approaches and the suitability of novel surgical fixation techniques for calcaneal fractures. We sought to add to the evidence-base, understating the factors that influence surgical techniques and approaches allowing for surgeons worldwide to consult a single manuscript of reference that summarises the literature to choose their surgical approach appropriately.