Applications of XPS in bioengineering

XPS has been used extensively to characterise the surface chemistry of materials used in bioengineering. Its ability to characterise both the elemental and chemical structure of the surface makes it particularly useful, as it can be used to identify the chemical functional groups present on the surface of virtually any material. This review is intended to profile both traditional applications of XPS in bioengineering as well as highlight areas where the incorporation of XPS may be able to give insight into biointerfacial interactions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.