Subsurface hydrological connectivity controls nitrate export flux in a hilly catchment
•Subsurface flow paths showed dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall.•The primary nitrate export pattern is flushing, followed by dilution and chemostatic.•Nitrate flux rapidly increased when subsurface connectivity surpassed 0.121.•Subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong con...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water research (Oxford) 2024-04, Vol.253, p.121308-121308, Article 121308 |
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| creator | Xiao, H.B. Zhou, C. Hu, X.D. Wang, J. Wang, L. Huang, J.Q. Yang, F.T. Zhao, J.S. Shi, Z.H. |
| description | •Subsurface flow paths showed dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall.•The primary nitrate export pattern is flushing, followed by dilution and chemostatic.•Nitrate flux rapidly increased when subsurface connectivity surpassed 0.121.•Subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate export flux.•The control strength increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function.
Subsurface runoff represents the main pathway of nitrate transport in hilly catchments. The magnitude of nitrate export from a source area is closely related to subsurface hydrological connectivity, which refers to the linkage of separate regions of a catchment via subsurface runoff. However, understanding of how subsurface hydrological connectivity regulates catchment nitrate export remains insufficient. This study conducted high-frequency monitoring of shallow groundwater in a hilly catchment over 17 months. Subsurface hydrological connectivity of the catchment over 38 rainfall events was analyzed by combining topography-based upscaling of shallow groundwater and graph theory. Moreover, cross-correlation analysis was used to evaluate the time-series similarity between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux during rainfall events. The results showed that the maximum subsurface hydrological connectivity during 32 out of 38 rainfall events was below 0.5. Although subsurface flow paths (i.e., the pathways of lateral subsurface runoff) exhibited clear dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall events, most areas in the catchment did not establish subsurface hydrological connectivity with the stream. The primary pattern of nitrate export was flushing (44.7%), followed by dilution (34.2%), and chemostatic behavior (21.1%). A threshold relationship between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux was identified, with nitrate flux rapidly increasing after the subsurface connectivity strength exceeded 0.121. Moreover, the median value of cross-correlation coefficients reached 0.67, which indicated subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate flux. However, this control effect is not constant and it increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function. The results of this study provide comprehensive insights into the subsurface hydrological control of catchment nitrate export.
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121308 |
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Subsurface runoff represents the main pathway of nitrate transport in hilly catchments. The magnitude of nitrate export from a source area is closely related to subsurface hydrological connectivity, which refers to the linkage of separate regions of a catchment via subsurface runoff. However, understanding of how subsurface hydrological connectivity regulates catchment nitrate export remains insufficient. This study conducted high-frequency monitoring of shallow groundwater in a hilly catchment over 17 months. Subsurface hydrological connectivity of the catchment over 38 rainfall events was analyzed by combining topography-based upscaling of shallow groundwater and graph theory. Moreover, cross-correlation analysis was used to evaluate the time-series similarity between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux during rainfall events. The results showed that the maximum subsurface hydrological connectivity during 32 out of 38 rainfall events was below 0.5. Although subsurface flow paths (i.e., the pathways of lateral subsurface runoff) exhibited clear dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall events, most areas in the catchment did not establish subsurface hydrological connectivity with the stream. The primary pattern of nitrate export was flushing (44.7%), followed by dilution (34.2%), and chemostatic behavior (21.1%). A threshold relationship between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux was identified, with nitrate flux rapidly increasing after the subsurface connectivity strength exceeded 0.121. Moreover, the median value of cross-correlation coefficients reached 0.67, which indicated subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate flux. However, this control effect is not constant and it increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function. The results of this study provide comprehensive insights into the subsurface hydrological control of catchment nitrate export.
[Display omitted]</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1354</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2448</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121308</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38377925</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>groundwater ; mathematical theory ; Nitrate export ; Nitrate flux ; nitrates ; rain ; Shallow groundwater ; streams ; subsurface flow ; Subsurface hydrological connectivity ; time series analysis ; Water quality ; watersheds</subject><ispartof>Water research (Oxford), 2024-04, Vol.253, p.121308-121308, Article 121308</ispartof><rights>2024 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-5d506d6eb66eb6184aef64235f30dc21f983b3b8977f5a8486db452402da87893</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-5d506d6eb66eb6184aef64235f30dc21f983b3b8977f5a8486db452402da87893</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6961-1518 ; 0000-0003-3704-4392</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135424002100$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38377925$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Xiao, H.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, X.D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, J.Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, F.T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, J.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Z.H.</creatorcontrib><title>Subsurface hydrological connectivity controls nitrate export flux in a hilly catchment</title><title>Water research (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><description>•Subsurface flow paths showed dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall.•The primary nitrate export pattern is flushing, followed by dilution and chemostatic.•Nitrate flux rapidly increased when subsurface connectivity surpassed 0.121.•Subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate export flux.•The control strength increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function.
Subsurface runoff represents the main pathway of nitrate transport in hilly catchments. The magnitude of nitrate export from a source area is closely related to subsurface hydrological connectivity, which refers to the linkage of separate regions of a catchment via subsurface runoff. However, understanding of how subsurface hydrological connectivity regulates catchment nitrate export remains insufficient. This study conducted high-frequency monitoring of shallow groundwater in a hilly catchment over 17 months. Subsurface hydrological connectivity of the catchment over 38 rainfall events was analyzed by combining topography-based upscaling of shallow groundwater and graph theory. Moreover, cross-correlation analysis was used to evaluate the time-series similarity between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux during rainfall events. The results showed that the maximum subsurface hydrological connectivity during 32 out of 38 rainfall events was below 0.5. Although subsurface flow paths (i.e., the pathways of lateral subsurface runoff) exhibited clear dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall events, most areas in the catchment did not establish subsurface hydrological connectivity with the stream. The primary pattern of nitrate export was flushing (44.7%), followed by dilution (34.2%), and chemostatic behavior (21.1%). A threshold relationship between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux was identified, with nitrate flux rapidly increasing after the subsurface connectivity strength exceeded 0.121. Moreover, the median value of cross-correlation coefficients reached 0.67, which indicated subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate flux. However, this control effect is not constant and it increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function. The results of this study provide comprehensive insights into the subsurface hydrological control of catchment nitrate export.
[Display omitted]</description><subject>groundwater</subject><subject>mathematical theory</subject><subject>Nitrate export</subject><subject>Nitrate flux</subject><subject>nitrates</subject><subject>rain</subject><subject>Shallow groundwater</subject><subject>streams</subject><subject>subsurface flow</subject><subject>Subsurface hydrological connectivity</subject><subject>time series analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>watersheds</subject><issn>0043-1354</issn><issn>1879-2448</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkE1LxDAQhoMo7rr6D0R69NI1n21yEUT8AsGDH9eQJlM3S7ddk1Tdf2-Xqkc9DMMwz8wLD0LHBM8JJsXZcv5hUoA4p5jyOaGEYbmDpkSWKqecy100xZiznDDBJ-ggxiXGmFKm9tGESVaWioopennsq9iH2ljIFhsXuqZ79dY0me3aFmzy7z5ttkMaVjFrfQomQQaf6y6krG76z8y3mckWvmkGziS7WEGbDtFebZoIR999hp6vr54ub_P7h5u7y4v73DIlUi6cwIUroCq2RSQ3UBecMlEz7CwltZKsYpVUZVkLI7ksXMUF5Zg6I0up2Aydjn_XoXvrISa98tFC05gWuj5qRgQTQmD1P0oVVYKTgpUDykfUhi7GALVeB78yYaMJ1lv5eqlH-XorX4_yh7OT74S-WoH7PfqxPQDnIwCDkncPQUfrobXgfBhca9f5vxO-APUxl-g</recordid><startdate>20240401</startdate><enddate>20240401</enddate><creator>Xiao, H.B.</creator><creator>Zhou, C.</creator><creator>Hu, X.D.</creator><creator>Wang, J.</creator><creator>Wang, L.</creator><creator>Huang, J.Q.</creator><creator>Yang, F.T.</creator><creator>Zhao, J.S.</creator><creator>Shi, Z.H.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6961-1518</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-4392</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240401</creationdate><title>Subsurface hydrological connectivity controls nitrate export flux in a hilly catchment</title><author>Xiao, H.B. ; Zhou, C. ; Hu, X.D. ; Wang, J. ; Wang, L. ; Huang, J.Q. ; Yang, F.T. ; Zhao, J.S. ; Shi, Z.H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-5d506d6eb66eb6184aef64235f30dc21f983b3b8977f5a8486db452402da87893</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>groundwater</topic><topic>mathematical theory</topic><topic>Nitrate export</topic><topic>Nitrate flux</topic><topic>nitrates</topic><topic>rain</topic><topic>Shallow groundwater</topic><topic>streams</topic><topic>subsurface flow</topic><topic>Subsurface hydrological connectivity</topic><topic>time series analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>watersheds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Xiao, H.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, X.D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, J.Q.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, F.T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, J.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Z.H.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Xiao, H.B.</au><au>Zhou, C.</au><au>Hu, X.D.</au><au>Wang, J.</au><au>Wang, L.</au><au>Huang, J.Q.</au><au>Yang, F.T.</au><au>Zhao, J.S.</au><au>Shi, Z.H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Subsurface hydrological connectivity controls nitrate export flux in a hilly catchment</atitle><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><date>2024-04-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>253</volume><spage>121308</spage><epage>121308</epage><pages>121308-121308</pages><artnum>121308</artnum><issn>0043-1354</issn><eissn>1879-2448</eissn><abstract>•Subsurface flow paths showed dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall.•The primary nitrate export pattern is flushing, followed by dilution and chemostatic.•Nitrate flux rapidly increased when subsurface connectivity surpassed 0.121.•Subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate export flux.•The control strength increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function.
Subsurface runoff represents the main pathway of nitrate transport in hilly catchments. The magnitude of nitrate export from a source area is closely related to subsurface hydrological connectivity, which refers to the linkage of separate regions of a catchment via subsurface runoff. However, understanding of how subsurface hydrological connectivity regulates catchment nitrate export remains insufficient. This study conducted high-frequency monitoring of shallow groundwater in a hilly catchment over 17 months. Subsurface hydrological connectivity of the catchment over 38 rainfall events was analyzed by combining topography-based upscaling of shallow groundwater and graph theory. Moreover, cross-correlation analysis was used to evaluate the time-series similarity between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux during rainfall events. The results showed that the maximum subsurface hydrological connectivity during 32 out of 38 rainfall events was below 0.5. Although subsurface flow paths (i.e., the pathways of lateral subsurface runoff) exhibited clear dynamic extension and contraction during rainfall events, most areas in the catchment did not establish subsurface hydrological connectivity with the stream. The primary pattern of nitrate export was flushing (44.7%), followed by dilution (34.2%), and chemostatic behavior (21.1%). A threshold relationship between subsurface hydrological connectivity and nitrate flux was identified, with nitrate flux rapidly increasing after the subsurface connectivity strength exceeded 0.121. Moreover, the median value of cross-correlation coefficients reached 0.67, which indicated subsurface hydrological connectivity exerts a strong control on nitrate flux. However, this control effect is not constant and it increases with rainfall amount and intensity as a power function. The results of this study provide comprehensive insights into the subsurface hydrological control of catchment nitrate export.
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| subjects | groundwater mathematical theory Nitrate export Nitrate flux nitrates rain Shallow groundwater streams subsurface flow Subsurface hydrological connectivity time series analysis Water quality watersheds |
| title | Subsurface hydrological connectivity controls nitrate export flux in a hilly catchment |
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